§5#3τοιαῦτα δ’ ἐστὶν ἐγκέφαλος καὶ καρδία.
Such indeed are the brain and the heart.
ὥσθ’ ἡ τούτων τῆς κατασκευῆς βλάβη παραχρῆμα βλάψει τὴν ζωήν.
So that the damage to the structure of these will immediately damage life.
ἀλλ’ οὐδὲν ὑπαλλάττειν αὐτὴν οἷόν τέ ἐστιν ἑτοιμότερον ἀμέτρου θερμασίας.
But nothing is able to alter it more readily than immoderate warmth.
ὥστε ἄμφω δέδεικται διὰ τοῦ λόγου, τό τε χρήσιμον τῆς συμμέτρου θερμασίας καὶ τὸ ἐν τῇ ἀναπνοῇ εἰς αὐτήν.
So that both have been shown through the argument, both the usefulness of moderate warmth and that of respiration for it.
ἀναγκαῖον οὖν ἤδη, μὴ πιθανὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ἀληθὲς εὑρηκέναι, ἑτοίμως μὲν ἀποφαίνεσθαι.
It is necessary then already, having found not only the plausible but also the truth, to declare it readily.
καὶ χρείαν εἶναι τῆς ἀναπνοῆς λέγομεν ἐμφύτου θερμασίας ἀναπνοήν.
And we say that the use of respiration is respiration for the innate warmth.
ἔνεστι δ’, εἰ καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀγνοοῦμεν, ἀλλ’ ἐκ διαιρέσεως οὐδὲν ἧττον λογίσασθαι λήμματα τῶν ἀποδείξεων, τοῖς ἐναργῶς γινωσκομένοις χρησαμένους, ὧν καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι, τὸ περιεχόμενον ἐν ταῖς κατὰ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον κοιλίαις πνεῦμα δυοῖν θάτερον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι, ἤτοι τὴν οὐσίαν τῆς ψυχῆς ἢ τὸ πρῶτον αὐτῆς ὄργανον.
But it is possible, even if we are ignorant of the substance of the soul, nevertheless to reason out from division the premises of the proofs, using those things that are clearly known; of which this also is one: that the pneuma contained in the cavities of the brain is necessarily one of two things, either the substance of the soul or its primary organ.
ἀλλ’ εἰ πρῶτον, ὁ ἐγκέφαλος ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὴν οὐσίαν τῆς ψυχῆς ἔχει, ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι, καὶ ταύτην ἔμφυτον εἶναι θερμασίαν, ἢ τὸ πνεῦμα, ἢ τὸ σύμπαν αὐτῆς τῆς κατασκευῆς εἶδος, ἢ παρ’ αὐτὴν εἴτις δύναμις ἀσώματος.
But if it is the first organ, the brain has in itself the substance of the soul, and it is necessary that this too is either innate warmth, or the pneuma, or the entire form of its structure, or some incorporeal power besides it.
ἀλλ’ ἀναγκαῖον τοῦτο πρῶτον, εἰς τὰς κινήσεις ὄργανον ἕν τι τῶν εἰρημένων ἔχειν, αὐτὴν μὲν ἀπαθῆ παντελῶς ὑπάρχουσαν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς θανάτοις, τῶν πρώτων αὐτῶν ὀργάνων πασχόντων, λυομένην.
But it is necessary first [for this substance] to have one of the aforementioned as an organ for movements, itself being completely impassible, but in deaths being dissolved, as its primary organs themselves suffer.
ὥστε ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἤτοι τῆς κατασκευῆς τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου βλαπτομένης, ἢ ὁμοῦ τοῦ κατὰ αὐτὸν πνεύματος, ἢ τῆς θερμασίας μόνης, ὁ θάνατός ἐστι τοῖς ζώοις.
So that of necessity, death comes to animals either from the damage to the structure of the brain, or at the same time to the pneuma in it, or to the warmth alone.
ἀλλ’ οὔτε τὴν κατασκευὴν ἐν τάχει βλαβῆναι δυνατὸν ἑτέρως ἀλλ’ ἢ διὰ τὴν τῆς θερμασίας ἀμετρίαν, ὡς ἐδείξαμεν, οὔτ’ αὐτὴν πολὺ μᾶλλον τὴν θερμασίαν, ἀλλ’ οὐ διὰ τὸ λοιπὸν ἔτι καὶ τρίτον, ἔχειν τὸ πνεῦμα δύναται πρόφασιν ἑτέρας φθορᾶς ἐξαιφνιδίου παρὰ τὰς ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένας, τήν τε τῆς οὐσίας ὅλης αὐτῶν κένωσιν καὶ τὴν τῆς θερμασίας ἀμετρίαν.
But it is not possible for the structure to be damaged quickly in any other way than through the immoderation of warmth, as we showed, nor much more so the warmth itself; nor, concerning the remaining third, can the pneuma have any occasion for another sudden destruction besides those mentioned before, namely the evacuation of their entire substance and the immoderation of warmth.
ἀλλ’ ἐν ταῖς τῆς ἀναπνοῆς ἐπισχέσεσιν οὐκ ἔχομεν αἰτίας εἰρῆσθαι τὴν κένωσιν ὅλης τῆς οὐσίας, ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν εἰς τὰς κοιλίας τρώσεων.
But in the stoppages of respiration, we do not have the evacuation of the entire substance to be spoken of as the cause, as in the wounds of the cavities.
ἀπολείπεται, ὅτι διὰ θερμασίας ἀμετρίαν ἀποθνήσκομεν.
It remains, that we die because of the immoderation of warmth.
αὕτη μὲν οὖν ἡ μεγίστη χρεία τῆς ἀναπνοῆς· δευτέρα δὲ θρέψις τοῦ ψυχικοῦ πνεύματος.
This, therefore, is the greatest use of respiration; and the second is the nourishment of the psychic pneuma.
γίνεται δὲ ἡ μὲν προτέρα δι’ ἀμφοτέρων τῆς ἀναπνοῆς τῶν μερῶν, εἰσπνοῆς τε καὶ ἐκπνοῆς, τῆς μὲν οὖν ἀναψυχούσης τε καὶ ῥιπιζούσης, τῆς δὲ τὸ αἰθαλῶδες ἀποχεούσης· ἡ δευτέρα δὲ διὰ τῆς εἰσπνοῆς μόνης.
And the former indeed occurs through both parts of respiration, inhalation and exhalation, the former cooling and fanning, and the latter pouring out the smoky waste; but the second occurs through inhalation alone.
ὅτι μὲν οὖν εἰς τὴν καρδίαν ἕλκεταί τις ἀέρος μοῖρα κατὰ τὰς διαστολὰς αὐτῆς, ἀναπληροῦσα τὴν γενομένην κένωσιν, τὸ μέγεθος αὐτό γε τῆς διαστάσεως ἱκανὸν ἐνδείξασθαι.
Now, that a certain portion of air is drawn into the heart during its dilations, filling the evacuation that has occurred, the very magnitude of the dilation is sufficient to show.
ὅτι δὲ καὶ εἰς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον εἰσπνεῖται, δι’ ἑτέρας ἐπιδέδεικται πραγματείας, ἐν ᾗ περὶ τῶν Ἱπποκράτους καὶ Πλάτωνος δογμάτων διαλεγόμεθα.
And that it is also inhaled into the brain has been shown through another treatise, in which we discuss the doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato.
διὰ τί δὲ, τῆς καρδίας εἰς ἑαυτήν τι παρὰ τοῦ πνεύμονος ἑλκούσης ἀέρος ἐπιπεμπούσης τε ταῖς πλησίον ἀρτηρίαις, ὅμως γε ὁ ἐκπνεόμενος οὐδὲν ἐλάττων φαίνεται τοῦ κατὰ τὴν εἰσπνοὴν ἑλχθέντος, εἰρήσεται μὲν καὶ δι’ ἑτέρων ἐπὶ πλέον, ἀποχρήσει δὲ καὶ νῦν εἰπεῖν τόδε μόνον, ὡς ἀτμός τις ἐκπνεῖται τοὐπίπαν ἴσος τῷ πλήθει τῆς μεταληφθείσης μοίρας τοῦ πνεύματος εἴς τε τὴν καρδίαν καὶ τὰς ἀρτηρίας.
But why, although the heart draws some air to itself from the lung and sends it to the nearby arteries, the exhaled air nevertheless appears to be no less than that drawn in during inhalation, will be spoken of also in others at greater length, but it will suffice even now to say only this, that a certain vapor is exhaled, generally equal to the quantity of the portion of pneuma transferred both into the heart and into the arteries.
αἵτινες δ’ εἰσὶ καὶ διαθέσεις τοῦ σώματος, ἐν αἷς ἤτοι βραχεῖ πλείων ὁ ἀτμὸς τοῦ μεταληφθέντος ἀέρος, ἢ ἐλάττων, ἢ ἴσος, ἐν τοῖς περὶ δυσπνοίας εἰρήσεται.
And what the dispositions of the body are, in which the vapor is either slightly greater than the transferred air, or less, or equal, will be spoken of in the writings on dyspnea.
ἀρκεῖν μέν μοι δοκεῖ ταῦτα περὶ χρείας ἀναπνοῆς.
These things seem to me to be sufficient concerning the use of respiration.
ὅσα δὲ ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς τισιν εἰρήσεται μοχθηρῶς, ῥᾷστα φωραθῆναι δύναιτ’ ἂν μὴ παρέργως ἕκαστον τῶν ἐνταυθοῖ γεγραμμένων ἐκλεξαμένοις.
And as for what has been poorly said by some concerning it, it could be most easily detected by those who select, not carelessly, each of the things written here.