§5#2φανερὸν οὖν, ὅτι τοῖς αἰσθητικοῖς τῶν ὀσμῶν πόροις οὔτε κατὰ προαίρεσιν οὔτε ἄνευ προαιρέσεώς ἐστιν οἰκεία κίνησις ἡ διοικοῦσα τὸ ὀζόμενον.
It is clear, therefore, that for the sensory passages of smells there is no proper movement, either according to choice or without choice, that directs the thing smelled.
οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τῶν ἀναπνευστικῶν πόρων κίνησις διαστεῖλαι δυνήσεται τοὺς ὀσφρητικοὺς πόρους.
Nor indeed will the movement of the respiratory passages be able to dilate the olfactory passages.
αὐτὸς μὲν γὰρ ὁ θώραξ ἐν τοῖς περὶ τούτων λόγοις ἐπιδέδεικται διαστελλόμενος ὑπὸ μυῶν· ὁ πνεύμων δ’ αὐτὸς συνεπόμενός τε πάντη καὶ συνδιαστελλόμενος τῇ πρὸς τὸ κινούμενον ἀκολουθίᾳ· τούτῳ δ’ ἀκολουθῶν ὁ ἔξωθεν ἀὴρ, οὐκ ἔτι ἐξ ἀνάγκης διαστελλομένων τῶν παραπεμπόντων αὐτὸν σωμάτων, οὔτε τοῦ στόματος, οὔτε τῆς ῥινὸς, οὔτε τοῦ φάρυγγος· ἀναπετομένων γὰρ αὐτῶν μόνον διὰ μείζονος ἧς ἔμπροσθεν εἶχον εὐρύτητος, ἐπικτωμένων οὐ δεῖ.
For the thorax itself has been shown in the discussions concerning these things to be dilated by muscles; and the lung itself follows it in every way and co-dilates by following what is moved; and the air from outside follows this, no longer of necessity because of the dilation of the bodies conveying it, neither of the mouth, nor of the nose, nor of the pharynx; for they are only opened wide through a greater width than they had before, and there is no need of them acquiring further dilation.
δῆλον οὖν ἐστιν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων, ὡς ἡ τῶν ἀναπνευστικῶν ὀργάνων κίνησις οὐ δύναται τοὺς λεπτοὺς ἐκείνους πόρους τῶν κατὰ τοὺς μυκτῆρας χιτώνων ἀνοιγνύναι.
It is clear, therefore, from what has been said, that the movement of the respiratory organs cannot open those delicate passages of the coats along the nostrils.
ὥστ’ ἐκ τῆς φορᾶς τοῦ ἀέρος ἀνοιχθήσονται μόνης, ἣν, ὡς ἔφην, ἐγχωρεῖ καὶ χωρὶς τῆς εἰσπνοῆς ἐπιτεχνήσασθαι.
Consequently, they will be opened by the flow of the air alone, which, as I said, it is possible to contrive even without inhalation.
εἰ δέ τις φαίη, τῶν δι’ ἀναισθησίαν εἰκῆ πολλὰ φθεγγομένων ἐν τῷ τῆς εἰσπνοῆς χρόνῳ τοὺς πόρους ἀνοίγνυσθαι μόνον, καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀναμνήσομεν αὖθις αὐτὸν, ὡς ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένοις ἐξελήλεγκται τοῦτο, κατ’ ἐκεῖνο τοῦ λόγου τὸ μέρος, ἡνίκα ἤτοι καθ’ ὁρμὴν τοῦ ζώου τὴν ἄνοιξιν αὐτῶν ἔφαμεν ἢ φυσικήν τινα εἶναι.
But if someone, of those who through senselessness say many things in vain, should say that the passages are opened only at the time of inhalation, we will remind him again that this has been refuted in what was said before, in that part of the argument when we said that their opening is either according to the impulse of the animal or is something natural.
κατὰ προαίρεσιν μὲν οὖν οὐκ ἔστιν· ἐφ’ ἡμῖν γὰρ ἂν ἦν, ὁπόταν βουληθείημεν ἀνοίγειν αὐτοὺς, καὶ χωρὶς τῆς εἰσπνοῆς.
According to choice, then, it is not; for it would have been up to us, whenever we wished to open them, even without inhalation.
οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ φυσικὴ, καθάπερ ἡ τῆς καρδίας· οὖ γὰρ ἂν οὐδ’ οὕτω κατὰ τὸν τῆς εἰσπνοῆς χρόνον ἐγίνετο διὰ παντὸς, ἀλλ’ ἰδίαν εἶχε τάξιν κινήσεως, ἐνίοτε μὲν εἰς ταὐτὸν τῷ τῆς εἰσπνοῆς ἀφικνουμένῳ χρόνῳ, πολλάκις δὲ τῷ τῆς ἐκπνοῆς ἢ ἐπισχέσεως ὅλης τῆς ἀναπνοῆς.
Nor indeed is it natural, like that of the heart; for in that case it would not indeed have occurred thus at the time of inhalation always, but would have had its own order of movement, sometimes arriving at the same time as that of inhalation, and often at that of exhalation or the stoppage of the whole respiration.
εἰ τοίνυν οὔτε ἐξ αὐτῶν, οὔθ’ ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀναπνευστικῶν ὀργάνων κινήσεως οἱ πόροι τοῦ κατὰ τὴν ῥῖνα χιτῶνος ἀνοίγνυνται, λείπεται πρὸς τῆς τοῦ πνεύματος ῥύμης εἰς τοῦθ’ ἥκειν αὐτοὺς, ἣν, ὡς ἔφην, οἷόν τ’ ἐστὶν τεχνήσασθαι καὶ χωρὶς τῆς εἰσπνοῆς.
If, therefore, neither by themselves nor by the movement of the respiratory organs are the passages of the coat along the nose opened, it remains for them to come to this because of the rush of the breath, which, as I said, it is possible to contrive even without inhalation.
εἰ δέ τις ἀπορεῖ, διὰ τίνα αἰτίαν ὑπὸ τῆς τοιαύτης κινήσεως, εἰ σφοδροτάτη γένοιτο, μηδὲν ὀσμῆς μέρος εἰς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον συνελαύνεται, καίτοι τρημάτων ὄντων εἰς τοσοῦτον εὐρέων, ὡς καὶ τὰς παχυτάτας βλέννας ἐγκεφάλου δι’ αὐτῶν φέρεσθαι, διδάξομεν αὐτὸν, ὡς οὐδὲ εἰς τὸν λάρυγγα καὶ τὸν πνεύμονα φέρεταί τι κατὰ τὰς εἰρημένας κινήσεις τοῦ κατὰ τοὺς μυκτῆρας ἀέρος, ἐπειδὴ φθάνουσιν οἰκείου πεπληρῶσθαι πνεύματος.
But if someone wonders for what reason by such a movement, even if it should become very violent, no part of the smell is driven into the brain, although there are openings so wide that even the thickest mucus of the brain is carried through them, we will teach him that neither into the larynx nor into the lung is anything carried during the aforementioned movements of the air along the nostrils, since they are already filled with their own breath.
ὁπότ’ οὖν οὐδ’ εἰς τοὺς μεγάλους πόρους οὐδὲν ἔξωθεν ἐμπίπτει πνεῦμα χωρὶς τῆς τῶν ὀργάνων διαστολῆς, εἰκὸς δή που μηδ’ εἰς τοσοῦτον λεπτοὺς εἶναι, ὥς τισι τῶν ἀμελῶς ἀνατεμνόντων μήτ’ εἶναι δοκεῖν.
Since, therefore, not even into the large passages does any breath from outside fall without the dilation of the organs, it is reasonable surely that it does not fall into passages so delicate that to some of those who dissect carelessly they do not even seem to exist.
ἀμέλει κᾂν εἰς τὸν μυκτῆρα καθεὶς αὐλίσκον ἀκριβῶς στεγνώσῃς τὸν πόρον, οὐ δυνήσεται πνεῦμά τι ἐνεῖναι, πρὶν ἀνοῖξαι τὸ στόμα· διανοιχθέντος δ’ αὐτοῦ, τὸ κατὰ τὴν ὑπερῴαν ἐμπίπτον πνεῦμα πρὸς τοὐκτὸς ἀποχωρεῖν ἀκολουθοῦν ἐπιτρέπει τῷ συνεχεῖ.
Indeed, even if you insert a small tube into the nostril and seal the passage accurately, it will not be able to let any breath in before you open the mouth; but when it is opened, the breath falling in along the palate allows the continuous air to withdraw outwards in pursuit.
μὴ τοίνυν ἀξίου μηδ’ εἰς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἀνέρχεσθαί τι κατὰ τὰς εἰρημένας ἐμπτώσεις εἰς τὴν ῥῖνα τοῦ πνεύματος.
Do not therefore expect anything to ascend even into the brain during the aforementioned incursions of the breath into the nose.
ἄχρι γὰρ ἂν ἡ κατ’ αὐτὸν εὐρυχωρία φθάνῃ πεπληρωμένη πρὸς ἑτέρου πνεύματος, οὐχ οἷόν τ’ ἐστὶν ἐπεισελθεῖν ἄλλο, πρὶν διαστῆναι τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, ὅπερ εἰσπνεόντων μὲν οἷόν τ’ ἐστὶ γενέσθαι· διαστέλλεται γὰρ πρῶτον, ἵν’ ἕλξῃ, κᾄπειθ’ οὕτω εἰσδέχεται τὸν ἔξωθεν ἀέρα· χωρὶς δὲ τῆς ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ διαστολῆς οὐκ ἐνδέχεται παραδέξασθαι πνεῦμά τι αὐτὸν, οὐδ’ εἰ βιαίως ὠθοῖτο· εἰ δ’, ὥσπερ καὶ βούλοιτό τις, βιαίως ὠθούμενον ἐμπίπτει, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ τοῦτο δυνατὸν εἶναι πολύ.
For as long as the space in it is already filled by another breath, it is not possible for another to enter in addition, before the brain dilates, which is possible to happen when people inhale; for it dilates first in order to draw in, and then thus receives the air from outside; but without the dilation from itself it is not possible for it to receive any breath, not even if it should be pushed violently; and if, as someone might wish, it falls in being pushed violently, yet even this is not possible to be much.
θλίβεται μὲν γὰρ βιαίως, ὡς ἴσμεν, ὁ ἀὴρ, καὶ πάλιν τείνεται πανταχόθεν, παρὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φύσιν ἑκάτερον τούτων ἀναγκαζόμενος πάσχειν, ὡς μηδεμιᾶς γε τοιαύτης αὐτῶν αἰτίας βιαζομένης, ἢ τῆς ἣν κατείληφε χώρας.
For the air, as we know, is violently compressed and again stretched from all sides, being forced to suffer each of these contrary to its own nature, as if there were no such cause forcing them other than the place which it has occupied.
οὐ μὴν οὐδ’ ὅτε πιλούμενος εἰς ἐλάττω συνέρχεται τόπον, ἢ χεόμενος ἐπιπλέον ἐκτείνεται, μεγάλην ἐργάζεται τὴν ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα μεταβολὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συστέλλεται καὶ χεῖται βραχὺ παραχωρῶν ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα.
Nor indeed when, being compressed, it comes together into a smaller place, or, being diffused, is stretched more, does it produce a great change in either direction, but it both contracts and is diffused, yielding slightly in either direction.
διὰ τοῦτο γοῦν οὐδὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἐμπίπτει, κᾂν σφοδρῶς ἐκθλίβῃ τις, ἀνεῳγμένων τῶν μυκτήρων.
For this reason, at any rate, nothing falls into it, even if one pushes out violently, when the nostrils are open.
ὁ δὲ κατ’ αὐτοὺς χιτὼν, ἐν ᾧ τοὺς αἰσθητικοὺς πόρους ὑποτιθέμεθα, φανερῶς αἰσθάνεται πληττόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ προσπίπτοντος ἔξωθεν ἀέρος βιαίως.
But the coat along them, in which we assume the sensory passages to be, clearly perceives being struck violently by the air falling upon it from outside.