§14Αἱ δ’ ἐφεξῆς συζυγίαι κοινὸν μὲν ἔχουσιν ἅπασαι τὸ διάτρημα, δι’ οὗ ἐκπίπτει τὰ νεῦρα, κοινὸν δ’ ἐπὶ τούτων καὶ τὸ σχίζεσθαι κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἔκφυσιν αὐτίκα, φέρεσθαί τε τῷ μὲν ἑτέρῳ τῷ ἐλάττονι εἰς τὰ πρόσω, τῷ δὲ ἑτέρῳ τῷ μείζονι διὰ βάθους· καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ὡς ἐπὶ τὴν ἄκανθαν, ἐντεῦθεν δὲ πάλιν εἰς τὰ πρόσω τοῦ πλατέος μυὸς τοῦ τὴν γνάθον ἀπάγοντος ἐπὶ τὰ πλάγια μέρη σὺν τοῖς χείλεσι, χωρὶς τοῦ κινῆσαι τὸ τῆς γένυος τῆς κάτω ὀστοῦν, ὃν μηδ’ αὐτὸν ἐγίνωσκον οἱ ἀνατομικοὶ, καίτοι σαφεστάτης τῆς ἐνεργείας ἐχόμενον.
The subsequent pairings all have in common the foramen through which the nerves emerge, and also common to them is their splitting immediately at their origin, and being carried with the one smaller part to the front, and with the other larger part through the depth; and first as if toward the spine, and from there again to the front of the flat muscle that draws the jaw to the side parts along with the lips, without moving the bone of the lower jaw—which itself the anatomists did not know, although it possesses a most obvious action.
Ἔτι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο κοινὸν ἁπάσαις ταῖς ἐφεξῆς συζυγίαις ἐστὶν, ὡς αὐτίκα μετὰ τὴν πρώτην ἔκφυσιν ἀπονέμησίν τινα βραχεῖαν αὐτῶν εἰς τοὺς ῥαχίτας νέμεσθαι μῦς.
And furthermore, this is also common to all the subsequent pairings: that immediately after their first origin a certain short distribution of them is distributed to the spinal muscles.
Καὶ μέντοι κᾀν τῷ φέρεσθαι πρὸς τὴν ῥάχιν ὀπίσω πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει τοῖς νεύροις τούτοις κοινὸν, ἀποφύσεις τινὰς διδόναι τοῖς κοινοῖς τραχήλου τε καὶ κεφαλῆς μυσί.
And indeed, in being carried backward toward the spine, it is common to all these nerves to give certain offshoots to the muscles common to both the neck and the head.
πάντες γὰρ οἵ τε ἐν τοῖς πρόσω τοῦ τραχήλου μύες, οἵ τ’ ἐν τοῖς πλαγίοις, ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν συζυγιῶν λαμβάνουσι νεῦρα, χωρὶς ἐκείνων, οὓς προεῖπον ἐκ τῶν ἀπ’ ἐγκεφάλου συζυγιῶν ἀπονέμεσθαί τι.
For all the muscles both in the front of the neck and in its sides receive nerves from these pairings, except for those which I said before receive some distribution from the pairings from the brain.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἁπάντων κοινὰ τῶν καθ’ ὅλον τὸν τράχηλον, τὸν μὲν τράχηλον (ἐν πᾶσιν αὐτοῖς ζώοις τοῖς μὴ πάνυ ἀνομοίας τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσεως ἐχομένοις) ἑπτὰ σπονδύλων ὄντα.
These, then, are common to all [the nerves] throughout the entire neck, the neck consisting of seven vertebrae (in all those animals themselves that do not have a nature entirely unlike the human).
§15Ὅσα δὲ καθ’ ἑκάστην εἰσὶν ἴδια, ταῦτα μὲν ἀκριβῶς καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀνατομικαῖς ἐγχειρήσεσι προείρηται, νῦν δὲ καὶ κεφαλαιωδῶς ἐμὲ λέγειν, ὡς κατὰ δύναμιν μικροτάτῳ τῷ λόγῳ συλλαμβάνοντα, ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν.
On the other hand, as for the features peculiar to each, these have been precisely said beforehand in *Anatomical Procedures*, but it is now necessary for me also to speak of them summarily, condensing them in as brief an account as possible.
Οἱ μὲν πάντες ἐν τοῖς ἐμπροσθίοις τε καὶ πλαγίοις τοῦ τραχήλου μέρεσιν ὑπάρχουσι μύες, οἳ ἀπ’ αὐτῶν συζυγιῶν τὰ νεῦρα λαμβάνουσι, πλὴν τούτων μυῶν, εἰς οὓς ἀπὸ συζυγιῶν ἐξ ἐγκεφάλου ἐκφυομένων τι διανέμεσθαι προειρήκαμεν.
All the muscles in the front and side parts of the neck receive their nerves from these pairings, except for those muscles to which we have said before some distribution is made from the pairings arising from the brain.
Καὶ προεγνωσμένων τούτων, εὔδηλον ἤδη τὸ καθ’ ἑκάστην τῶν ἐφεξῆς συζυγιῶν ἴδιον, ᾧ πρόσεχε τὸν νοῦν.
And with these things known beforehand, that which is peculiar to each of the subsequent pairings is already manifest; pay attention to this.
Ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς τετάρτης, ἥτις ἐκφύεται μεταξὺ τοῦ τρίτου καὶ τετάρτου σπονδύλου, βραχὺ πάντη νεύριον ἐν πιθήκοις ἐπὶ τὴν ἑξῆς ἀφικνεῖται συζυγίαν, ἀναμιγνύμενον αὐτῇ, καθ’ ὃ πρῶτον ἀνίσχει ἐν τοῖς δ’ ἄλλοις ζώοις μὴ πολλάκις δὴ ταύτην ἀνάμιξιν γίνεσθαι συνορῶμεν.
From the fourth pairing, which arises between the third and fourth vertebrae, a very small nerve in apes reaches the subsequent pairing, mixing with it where it first emerges; but in other animals, we observe that this mixing does not often take place.
ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης ἐφεξῆς ἡ πέμπτη συζυγία μετὰ τὸν τέταρτον σπόνδυλον ἐκφύεται· καὶ αὐτῆς ἓν μέν τι μόριον σμικρὸν εἰς τὸ κάταντες φέρεται, μελλῆσον, εἰ προσλάβοι τινὰ παρὰ τῶν ἑξῆς μόρια σμικρὰ, τὸ τοῦ διαφράγματος ἔσεσθαι νεῦρον.
Following this, the fifth pairing arises after the fourth vertebra; and a certain small part of it is carried downward, destined, if it should receive some small parts from the subsequent ones, to become the nerve of the diaphragm.
ἐκ μὲν γὰρ τῆς τετάρτης συζυγίας ἀραχνοειδῆ τινα μοῖραν τῷ διαφράγματι κατέπεμψεν ἡ φύσις· ἐκ δὲ τῆς πέμπτης ἀξιόλογον· εἶτα ἐκ τῆς ς΄ ἑτέραν, ἐλάττω μὲν ταύτης, μείζω δὲ τῆς πρώτης.
For from the fourth pairing nature sent down a spider-web-like part to the diaphragm; and from the fifth, a significant one; then from the sixth, another, smaller than this one but larger than the first.
ἕτερον δὲ μεῖζον τούτου ἐπὶ τὸ τῆς ὠμοπλάτης ὑψηλὸν ἀναφέρεται, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἅπαν ἐν τῷ κοινῷ λόγῳ τῆς κατασχίσεως εἴρηται.
And another part, larger than this, ascends to the high part of the scapula, and all the rest has been said in the general account of the division.
τῶν δ’ ἐφεξῆς συζυγιῶν ἡ μὲν ἕκτη μετὰ τὸν πέμπτον, ἡ δὲ ἑβδόμη μετὰ τὸν ἕκτον, ἡ δὲ ὀγδόη μετὰ τὸν ἕβδομον ἀνίσχει σπόνδυλον, ἐκ τῶν κοινῶν, ὡς εἴρηται, τρημάτων, ἐπιμιγνύμεναι δ’ ἀλλήλαις ἐπί τε τὰ σιμὰ τῶν ὠμοπλατῶν φέρονται καὶ τὸν βραχίονα διὰ τῆς μασχάλης.
Of the subsequent pairings, the sixth emerges after the fifth vertebra, the seventh after the sixth, and the eighth after the seventh, from the common foramina, as has been said; and mixing with one another, they are carried to the concave parts of the scapulae and to the arm through the armpit.