§7Ὡς δ’ ἄν τις μάλιστα δοκοίη μοι κρῖναι δικαίως, ἢ τυφλώττοντας αὐτοὺς περὶ τὸ χρήσιμον, ἢ μόνους τὸ περιττὸν ὀρθῶς φεύγοντας, ἤδη φράσω.
I shall now explain how one might best judge fairly whether they are blind to what is useful, or whether they alone are rightly fleeing what is superfluous.
καὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ σμικρὸν ἔοικεν εἶναι τοῦτο τὸ σκέμμα, οὐδὲ μέχρι λόγου μοι προϊέναι μόνον, ὥσπερ τοῖς ἐμπειρικοῖς τε καὶ δογματικοῖς, ὅσα περὶ τῆς πρώτης τῶν βοηθημάτων εὑρέσεως φιλονεικοῦσι, περὶ τῆς νῦν χρήσεως ὁμολογοῦντες ἀλλήλοις, ἀλλ’ ἤτοι μεγάλα βλάπτεσθαι τὰ τῆς τέχνης ἔργα πρὸς τῆς μεθοδικῆς αἱρέσεως ἀναγκαῖον, ἢ μεγάλ’ ὠφελεῖσθαι.
For indeed, this inquiry seems to be no small matter, nor does it seem to me to proceed only as far as words, as is the case with the Empiricists and Dogmatists, who, though disputing about the first discovery of remedies, agree with one another about their current use; rather, the active works of the art must either be greatly harmed or greatly benefited by the Methodist sect.
διττῆς δὲ τῆς ἐν τοῖς πράγμασι κρίσεως οὔσης, τῆς μὲν διὰ λόγου μόνου, τῆς δὲ διὰ τῶν φαινομένων ἐναργῶς, ἡ μὲν ἑτέρα, ἡ διὰ μόνου τοῦ λόγου, μείζων ἢ κατὰ τοὺς εἰσαγομένους ἐστίν· οὐκ οὖν αὐτῆς νῦν ὁ καιρός·
Since judgment in matters is of two kinds, the one by reason alone, and the other by clearly apparent phenomena, the former kind, that by reason alone, is too advanced for beginners; therefore, now is not the time for it.
ἡ δὲ ἑτέρα, ἡ διὰ μόνου τοῦ φαίνεσθαι, κοινὴ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ὑπάρχει.
But the other kind, that by appearing alone, is common to all human beings.
τί οὖν κωλύει ταύτῃ πρώτῃ χρήσασθαι, σαφεῖ τε ἅμα τοῖς εἰσαγομένοις οὔσῃ, καὶ πρὸς αὐτῶν τῶν μεθοδικῶν τετιμημένῃ;
What then prevents us from using this first, since it is clear to beginners and honored by the Methodists themselves?
διαπαντὸς γοῦν οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἢ τὸ φαινόμενον ὑμνοῦσι, καὶ τοῦτο πρεσβεύουσιν ἐπὶ παντὶ, καὶ τὸ ἄδηλον ἅπαν ἄχρηστον εἶναι λέγουσι.
At any rate, they continuously praise nothing but the phenomenon, and promote this above all, and say that everything non-evident is useless.
φέρε δὴ πρῶτον ἐπισκεψώμεθα περὶ τῶν προκαταρκτικῶν λεγομένων αἰτίων, κανόνα τῆς κρίσεως τὸ φαινόμενον τιθέμενοι.
Come then, let us first examine what are called the antecedent causes, setting the phenomenon as the rule of judgment.
καὶ πρῶτός γε ὁ μεθοδικὸς παρελθὼν ᾧδέ πως λεγέτω· Τί δή ποτε ψύξεις τε καὶ ἐγκαύσεις, καὶ μέθας, καὶ ἀπεψίας, καὶ πλησμονὰς, καὶ ἐνδείας, καὶ κόπους, καὶ ἐνεργείας, καὶ ἐδεσμάτων ποιότητας, καὶ ἐθῶν ὑπαλλαγὰς, ὦ δογματικοί τε καὶ ἐμπειρικοὶ, μάτην πολυπραγμονεῖτε;
And indeed, let the Methodist first step forward and speak somewhat as follows: "Why on earth, O Dogmatists and Empiricists, do you busily investigate in vain chilling, burning, drunkenness, indigestion, repletion, deficiency, fatigue, activities, qualities of food, and changes of custom?
πότερον ταῦτ’ ἰᾶσθαι μέλλετε, τὰς ἐν σώματι παρέντες διαθέσεις, ἃ τὴν ἀρχὴν οὐδὲ πάρεστιν, οὐκέτι τῶν τοιούτων οὐδὲν, ἀλλὰ αὐτὰ μὲν οἴχεται, τὸ δ’ ὑπ’ αὐτῶν γενόμενον ἐν τῷ σώματι μένει, καὶ τοῦτο χρὴ ἰᾶσθαι· τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ πάθος.
Are you going to cure these things, passing over the dispositions in the body, when in the first place none of such things is even present anymore, but they themselves have gone, and what was produced by them remains in the body, and this is what must be cured; for this is the affection.
ἐπισκεπτέον οὖν αὐτὸ, οἶόν τί ἐστιν.
We must therefore examine what kind of thing it is.
εἰ μὲν γὰρ στεγνὸν χαλαστέον, εἰ δὲ ῥοῶδες, σταλτέον, ὑφ’ ὅτου ἂν αἰτίου γεγονὸς ἑκάτερον ᾗ.
For if it is constricted, it must be relaxed, and if fluent, constricted, by whatever cause either has arisen.
εἰς τί δὴ οὖν ἔτι τὸ αἴτιον ὠφελεῖ, μήτε τοῦ ῥοώδους ποτὲ χαλάσεως δεομένου, μήτε τοῦ στεγνοῦ στάλσεως, ἢ πάντως εἰς οὐδὲν, ὥς γε τὸ πρᾶγμα αὐτὸ δείκνυσιν.
For what purpose, then, is the cause still of any use, when the fluent never needs relaxation, nor the constricted constriction?
ὅμοιος δὲ ὁ λόγος τοῖς μεθοδικοῖς καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀδήλων καὶ συνεκτικῶν ὀνομαζομένων αἰτίων.
Surely for nothing, as the thing itself shows." And the argument of the Methodists is similar concerning what are called the non-evident and containing causes.
καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνα περιττά φασιν εἶναι, τοῦ πάθους τὴν οἰκείαν θεραπείαν ἐνδεικνυμένου, καὶ χωρὶς τοῦ γνωσθῆναι τὴν αἰτίαν, ὑφ’ ἧς ἐγένετο.
For they say that those too are superfluous, since the affection indicates its own proper treatment even without knowing the cause by which it arose.
τῷ δ’ αὐτῷ τρόπῳ τῶν λόγων ἐπί τε τὰς ὥρας, καὶ τὰς ἡλικίας, καὶ τὰ χωρία μεταβαίνουσι, θαυμάζουτες κᾀνταῦθα τῶν παλαιῶν ἰατρῶν, εἰ μὴ συνίασιν οὕτως ἐναργοῦς πράγματος.
And in the same way of reasoning, they pass on to seasons, ages, and places, wondering here too at the ancient doctors, if they do not understand so clear a matter.
ἡ γάρ τοι φλεγμονὴ, πάθος οὖσα στεγνὸν, ὥς φασιν, οὐ δήπου, θέρους μὲν εἰ γένοιτο. τῶν χαλώντων δεῖται βοηθημάτων, χειμῶνος δὲ ἄλλων τινῶν, ἀλλ’ ἀμφοτέραις ὥραις τῶν αὐτῶν. οὐδ’ ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς τῶν παίδων ἡλικίας τῶν χαλαστικῶν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τῶν στελλόντων. οὐδ’ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ μὲν τῶν χαλώντων, Ἀθήνῃσι δὲ τῶν ἐπεχόντων.
For inflammation, being a constricted affection, as they say, surely does not need relaxing remedies if it occurs in summer, and some others in winter, but the same in both seasons; nor in the age of children relaxing ones, and in that of elders constricting ones; nor in Egypt relaxing ones, and in Athens holding-back ones.
ἀνάπαλιν δὲ τῇ φλεγμονῇ τὸ ῥοῶδες πάθος ὑπάρχον οὐδέποτε τῶν χαλώντων, ἀλλ’ ἀεὶ τῶν στελλόντων δεῖται, καὶ χειμῶνος, καὶ θέρους, καὶ ἦρος, καὶ φθινοπώρου, καὶ παιδὸς ὄντος τοῦ νοσοῦντος, καὶ ἀκμάζοντος, καὶ γέροντος, καὶ εἰ τύχοι περὶ τὴν Θρᾴκην ἢ τὴν Σκυθίαν ἢ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν εἶναι ὁ ἀῤῥωστῶν.
But conversely, the fluent affection, being opposite to inflammation, never needs relaxing remedies, but always constricting ones, in winter, summer, spring, and autumn, whether the patient is a child, in his prime, or an old man, and even if the sick man happens to be in Thrace, Scythia, or Ethiopia.
οὐκ οὖν οὐδὲν τῶν τοιούτων εἰς οὐδὲν χρήσιμον εἶναί φασι, ἀλλὰ μάτην ταῦτα πάντα πολυπραγμονεῖσθαι.
Therefore, they say that none of such things is useful for anything, but all these things are busily investigated in vain.
τί δὲ καὶ τὰ μέρη τοῦ σώματος ἐπισκοπῆσαι;
And what about examining the parts of the body?
ἆρ’ οὐ καὶ ταῦτα μάταια πρὸς ἔνδειξιν θεραπείας;
Are these not also in vain for the indication of treatment?
ἢ τολμησάτω τις εἰπεῖν, ὡς ἐν μὲν τῷ νευρώδει μορίῳ τὴν φλεγμονὴν χαλαστέον, ἐν δὲ τῷ ἀρτηριώδει, ἢ φλεβώδει, ἢ σαρκώδει σταλτέον. ἢ ὅλως, εἴ τι στεγνὸν ἔν τινι μέρει τοῦ σώματος γένοιτο, τολμησάτω τις εἰπεῖν, ὡς οὐ χαλαστέον αὐτὸ, ἢ οὐ σταλτέον τὸ ῥοῶδες.
Or let someone dare to say that in the tendinous part inflammation must be relaxed, but in the arterial, venous, or fleshy part it must be constricted; or on the whole, if any constriction should occur in some part of the body, let someone dare to say that it must not be relaxed, or that the fluent must not be constricted.
εἰ τοίνυν ἡ τοῦ μέρους φύσις οὐδὲν ὑπαλλάττει τῆς θεραπείας τὸν τρόπον, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸ γένος τοῦ πάθους ἡ τῶν βοηθούντων εὕρεσις, ἄχρηστος φανερῶς ἡ τοῦ μέρους ἐπίσκεψις, ὁ μὲν δὴ μεθοδικὸς τοιοῦτος, ὡς τύπῳ φάναι.
If, then, the nature of the part does not alter the manner of treatment in any way, but the discovery of remedies is according to the genus of the affection, the examination of the part is clearly useless. The Methodist is indeed such, to speak in outline."