§2Συστήσασθαι δὲ τὴν τέχνην οἱ μὲν Ἐμπειρικοὶ τόνδε τὸν τρόπον φασίν.
The Empiricists say that the art is constituted in the following manner.
ἐπειδὴ πολλὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἑώρων πάθη τὰ μὲν ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου γινόμενα νοσοῦσί τε καὶ ὑγιαίνουσιν, οἷον αἵματος ῥύσιν ἐκ ῥινῶν, ἢ ἱδρῶτας, ἢ διαῤῥοίας, ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἄλλο βλάβην ἢ ὠφέλειαν φέρον, οὐ μὴν τόγε ποιῆσαν αἴτιον αἰσθητὸν ἔχον· ἕτερα δὲ, ὧν τὸ μὲν αἴτιον ἐφαίνετο, οὐ μὴν ἐκ προαιρέσεως ἡμετέρας, ἀλλὰ κατά τινα συντυχίαν, οἷον συνέβη πεσόντα τινὰ ἢ πληγέντα, ἢ ἄλλως πως τρωθέντα αἷμα ῥυῆναι, καὶ πιεῖν ἐν νόσῳ, χαρισάμενον τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ, ψυχρὸν ὕδωρ, ἢ οἶνον, ἤ τι τοιοῦτον ἄλλο, ὧν ἕκαστον εἰς ὠφέλειαν ἢ βλάβην ἐτελεύτα· τὸ μὲν οὖν πρότερον εἶδος τῶν ὠφελούντων ἢ βλαπτόντων, ἐκάλουν φυσικὸν, τὸ δὲ δεύτερον, τυχικόν· ἑκατέρου δ’ αὐτῶν τὴν πρώτην θέαν περίπτωσιν ὠνόμαζον ἀπὸ τοῦ περιπίπτειν ἀβουλήτως τοῖς πράγμασι τοὔνομα θέμενοι.
Since they saw many affections happening to humans, some occurring spontaneously in both the sick and the healthy, such as a flow of blood from the nose, or sweats, or diarrheas, or some other such thing bringing harm or benefit, yet not having a perceptible cause that produced it; and others of which the cause indeed appeared, not however from our choice, but by some chance, as for instance it happened that someone fell or was struck, or was wounded in some other way, and blood flowed, or that someone drank in illness, gratifying their desire, cold water, or wine, or some other such thing, each of which ended in benefit or harm; so, they called the former kind of things that benefit or harm "natural," and the second "accidental"; and they named the first observation of each of them "encounter," establishing the name from their encountering things unintentionally.
τὸ μὲν οὖν περιπτωτικὸν εἶδος τῆς ἐμπειρίας, τοιόνδ’ ἐστί.
Thus, the encounter-based kind of experience is of this sort.
τὸ δὲ αὐτοσχέδιον, ὅταν ἑκόντες ἐπὶ τὸ πειράζειν ἀφίκωνται, ἢ ὑπὸ ὀνειράτων προτραπέντες, ἢ ἄλλως πως δόξαντες.
The improvised kind, on the other hand, is when they of their own will arrive at making an attempt, either being urged by dreams, or thinking so in some other way.
ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτον τῆς ἐμπειρίας εἶδός ἐστι τὸ μιμητικὸν, ὅταν τῶν ὠφελησάντων ἢ βλαψάντων ὁτιοῦν, ἢ φύσει, ἢ τύχῃ, ἢ αὐτοσχεδίως, αὖθις ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν παθῶν, εἰς πεῖραν ἄγοιτο.
But there is also a third kind of experience, the imitative, when anything of those things that benefited or harmed, whether by nature, or by chance, or by improvisation, is brought again to trial in the same affections.
καὶ τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ μάλιστα τὴν τέχνην αὐτῶν συστησάμενον.
And this is what especially constituted their art.
οὐ γὰρ δὶς μόνον, ἢ τρὶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλάκις μιμησάμενοι τὸ πρόσθεν ὠφελῆσαν, εἶτα ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν παθῶν τὸ αὐτὸ ποιοῦν εὑρίσκοντες, ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ, τὴν τοιαύτην μνήμην, θεώρημα καλέσαντες, ἤδη πιστὸν ἡγοῦνται καὶ μέρος τῆς τέχνης.
For having imitated not only twice or thrice, but indeed many times, that which previously benefited, and then finding it doing the same thing in the same affections for the most part, and having called such a memory a "theorem," they now consider it trustworthy and a part of the art.
ὡς δὲ πολλὰ θεωρήματα τοιαῦτα ἠθροίζετο αὐτοῖς, ἰατρικὴ μὲν ἦν τὸ σύμπαν ἄθροισμα, καὶ ὁ ἀθροίσας ἰατρός.
And as many such theorems were being accumulated by them, the whole collection was medicine, and the one who collected it was a physician.
ἐκλήθη δὲ ὑπ’ αὐτῶν αὐτοψία τὸ τοιοῦτον ἄθροισμα, μνήμη τις οὖσα τῶν πολλάκις καὶ ὡσαύτως ὀφθέντων.
And such a collection was called by them "autopsy," being a certain memory of things observed many times and in the same way.
ὠνόμαζον δὲ αὐτὸ τοῦτο καὶ ἐμπειρίαν· ἱστορίαν δὲ, τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν αὐτοῦ.
And they also named this very thing "experience," and "history" its transmission.
τὸ γὰρ αὐτὸ τοῦτο τῷ μὲν τηρήσαντι, αὐτοψία, τῷ δὲ μαθόντι τὸ τετηρημένον, ἱστορία ἐστίν.
For this very thing is, for the one who observed it, autopsy, but for the one who learned what had been observed, history.
ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ νοσήμασί τισιν ἐνετύγχανον ἔστιν ὅτε πρόσθεν οὐχ ἑωραμένοις, ἤ τισιν ἐγνωσμένοις μὲν, ἀλλ’ ἐν χωρίοις, ἐν οἷς οὐκ ἦν ἰαμάτων εὐπορία τῶν διὰ τῆς πείρας τετηρημένων, ὄργανόν τι βοηθημάτων εὑρετικὸν ἐποιήσαντο, τὴν τοῦ ὁμοίου μετάβασιν, ᾧ χρώμενοι πολλάκις καὶ ἀπὸ πάθους ἐπὶ πάθος ὅμοιον τὸ αὐτὸ βοήθημα μεταφέρουσι, καὶ ἀπὸ τόπου ἐπὶ τόπον, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πρόσθεν ἐγνωσμένου βοηθήματος ἐπί τι παραπλήσιον ἔρχονται.
Since they also sometimes encountered certain diseases not previously seen, or certain known ones but in places in which there was no abundance of remedies observed through trial, they made for themselves an inventive instrument of remedies: the transition from the similar; using which, they often transfer the same remedy from affection to similar affection, and from part to part, and proceed from a previously known remedy to something similar.
ἀπὸ μὲν πάθους ἐπὶ πάθος, ὡς εἰ ἀπὸ ἐρυσιπέλατος ἐπὶ ἕρπητα μεταβαίνοιεν.
From affection to affection, as if they should transition from erysipelas to herpes.
ἀπὸ δὲ τόπου ἐπὶ τόπον, ὡς ἀπὸ βραχίονος ἐπὶ μηρόν.
From part to part, as from arm to thigh.
ἀπὸ δὲ βοηθήματος ἐπὶ βοήθημα, ὡς ἐν διαῤῥοίαις ἀπὸ μήλου κυδωνίου ἐπὶ μέσπιλον.
From remedy to remedy, as in diarrheas from quince to medlar.
ἅπασα δὲ ἡ τοιαύτη μετάβασις, ὁδὸς μέν ἐστιν ἐπὶ τὴν εὕρεσιν· εὕρεσις δὲ οὐδέπω πρὸ τῆς πείρας, ἀλλ’ ἡνίκα ἂν τὸ ἐλπισθὲν εἰς πεῖραν ἀχθῇ, πιστὸν ἤδη τὸ μαρτυρηθὲν ὑπ’ αὐτῆς ἐστιν, οὐδὲν ἧττον ἢ εἰ καὶ πλειστάκις ὡσαύτως ἔχον ἐτετήρητο.
And all such transition is a way to discovery; but it is not yet discovery before trial, but when that which is hoped for is brought to trial, then what is witnessed by it is already trustworthy, no less than if it had also been observed many times behaving in the same way.
τὴν δὲ πεῖραν ταύτην τὴν ἑπομένην τῇ τοῦ ὁμοίου μεταβάσει τριβικὴν καλοῦσιν, ὅτι χρὴ τετρίφθαι κατὰ τὴν τέχνην τὸν μέλλοντά τι οὕτως εὑρήσειν.
And this trial, which follows the transition from the similar, they call "practiced," because it is necessary for one who is going to discover something in this way to have been practiced in the art.
αἱ δὲ ἔμπροσθεν ἅπασαι πεῖραι, αἱ πρὸ τῆς ἐμπειρίας, ὧν εἰς σύστασιν ἐδεῖτο ἡ τέχνη, καὶ περὶ τὸν τυχόντα δύνανται γενέσθαι.
But all the prior trials, those before experience, which the art needed for its constitution, can also happen to any chance person.
τοιαύτη μὲν ἡ διὰ τῆς πείρας πρὸς τὸ τέλος τῆς τέχνης ὁδός.
Such then is the path through trial to the end of the art.