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Herodotus · Histories §8.53.1-8.53.2

Fall of the Acropolis and Its Destruction by the Persians

Passage 1355 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The Persian forces successfully scaled the sheer cliff at the rear of the Acropolis, slaughtered the Athenian defenders, and plundered and burned the entire citadel.

§8.53.1χρόνῳ δʼ ἐκ τῶν ἀπόρων ἐφάνη δή τις ἔξοδος τοῖσι βαρβάροισι· ἔδεε γὰρ κατὰ τὸ θεοπρόπιον πᾶσαν τὴν Ἀττικὴν τὴν ἐν τῇ ἠπείρῳ γενέσθαι ὑπὸ Πέρσῃσι.
But in time, a way out of their difficulties appeared to the barbarians; for it was fated by the oracle that all of Attica on the mainland should come under the power of the Persians.
ἔμπροσθε ὦν πρὸ τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, ὄπισθε δὲ τῶν πυλέων καὶ τῆς ἀνόδου, τῇ δὴ οὔτε τις ἐφύλασσε οὔτʼ ἂν ἤλπισε μή κοτέ τις κατὰ ταῦτα ἀναβαίη ἀνθρώπων, ταύτῃ ἀνέβησαν τινὲς κατὰ τὸ ἱρὸν τῆς Κέκροπος θυγατρὸς Ἀγλαύρου, καίτοι περ ἀποκρήμνου ἐόντος τοῦ χώρου.
Now, in front of the Acropolis, yet behind the gates and the ascent, where no one was keeping watch and no one would have expected that any man would ever climb up by this way, some men did climb up near the sanctuary of Aglaurus, the daughter of Cecrops, even though the place was sheer.
§8.53.2ὡς δὲ εἶδον αὐτοὺς ἀναβεβηκότας οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν, οἳ μὲν ἐρρίπτεον ἑωυτοὺς κατὰ τοῦ τείχεος κάτω καὶ διεφθείροντο, οἳ δὲ ἐς τὸ μέγαρον κατέφευγον.
When the Athenians saw that they had climbed up onto the Acropolis, some threw themselves down from the wall and perished, while others fled into the inner shrine.
τῶν δὲ Περσέων οἱ ἀναβεβηκότες πρῶτον μὲν ἐτράποντο πρὸς τὰς πύλας, ταύτας δὲ ἀνοίξαντες τοὺς ἱκέτας ἐφόνευον· ἐπεὶ δέ σφι πάντες κατέστρωντο, τὸ ἱρὸν συλήσαντες ἐνέπρησαν πᾶσαν τὴν ἀκρόπολιν.
Those of the Persians who had climbed up turned first to the gates, and having opened them, they slaughtered the suppliants; and when all had been laid low by them, they plundered the temple and set fire to the whole Acropolis.

Notes

  1. §8.53.1ἔμπροσθε ὦν πρὸ τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, ὄπισθε δὲ τῶν πυλέων καὶ τῆς ἀνόδου — Spatial relation. It contrasts the position relative to the Acropolis as a whole ("in front of") with the position relative to the main gates and the regular ascent ("behind"), referring to the steep northern slope.
  2. §8.53.1οὔτʼ ἂν ἤλπισε μή κοτέ τις κατὰ ταῦτα ἀναβαίη — The construction combines a past potential indicative with ἄν (ἤλπισε) and an optative of potential/possibility (ἀναβαίη). The negative particle μή is used pleonastically after the verb of expecting/hoping (which implies a negative outcome here), reinforcing the sense of "no one would ever have expected that...".
  3. §8.53.2ἐπεὶ δέ σφι πάντες κατέστρωντο — The dative pronoun σφι (to them) is used with the pluperfect passive verb κατέστρωντο to express the agent (dative of agent), meaning "when all had been laid low by them."

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §8.53.1-8.53.2. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.53.1-8.53.2

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