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Herodotus · Histories §6.109.1-6.109.6

Miltiades Persuading Callimachus to Vote for Battle

Passage 1015 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The Athenian generals are equally divided on whether to engage the Persian army at Marathon. Miltiades appeals to the polemarch Callimachus, who holds the deciding vote, urging him to choose battle to secure the freedom and supremacy of Athens.

§6.109.1τοῖσι δὲ Ἀθηναίων στρατηγοῖσι ἐγίνοντο δίχα αἱ γνῶμαι, τῶν μὲν οὐκ ἐώντων συμβαλεῖν ʽὀλίγους γὰρ εἶναι στρατιῇ τῇ Μήδων συμβάλλειν’ τῶν δὲ καὶ Μιλτιάδεω κελευόντων.
Among the Athenian generals, opinions were divided: some did not allow joining battle, saying "for they were too few to engage with the army of the Medes," while others, including Miltiades, urged them to do so.
§6.109.2ὡς δὲ δίχα τε ἐγίνοντο καὶ ἐνίκα ἡ χείρων τῶν γνωμέων, ἐνθαῦτα, ἦν γὰρ ἑνδέκατος ψηφιδοφόρος ὁ τῷ κυάμῳ λαχὼν Ἀθηναίων πολεμαρχέειν ʽτὸ Παλαιὸν γὰρ Ἀθηναῖοι ὁμόψηφον τὸν πολέμαρχον ἐποιεῦντο τοῖσι στρατηγοῖσἰ, ἦν δὲ τότε πολέμαρχος Καλλίμαχος Ἀφιδναῖος· πρὸς τοῦτον ἐλθὼν Μιλτιάδης ἔλεγε τάδε.
When they were thus divided, and the worse of the opinions was about to prevail, there (was another person); for the one who had drawn the lot to be polemarch of the Athenians was the eleventh voter (for in olden times, the Athenians made the polemarch equal in vote to the generals), and the polemarch at that time was Callimachus of Aphidnae.
§6.109.3ἐν σοὶ νῦν Καλλίμαχε ἐστὶ ἢ καταδουλῶσαι Ἀθήνας ἢ ἐλευθέρας ποιήσαντα μνημόσυνα λιπέσθαι ἐς τὸν ἅπαντα ἀνθρώπων βίον οἷα οὐδὲ Ἁρμόδιός τε καὶ Ἀριστογείτων λείπουσι.
Miltiades went to him and spoke as follows: "In your hands now, Callimachus, lies either to enslave Athens or, by making her free, to leave behind for all human life a memorial such as not even Harmodius and Aristogeiton have left.
νῦν γὰρ δὴ ἐξ οὗ ἐγένοντο Ἀθηναῖοι ἐς κίνδυνον ἥκουσι μέγιστον, καὶ ἢν μέν γε ὑποκύψωσι τοῖσι Μήδοισι, δέδοκται τὰ πείσονται παραδεδομένοι Ἱππίῃ, ἢν δὲ περιγένηται αὕτη ἡ πόλις, οἵη τε ἐστὶ πρώτη τῶν Ἑλληνίδων πολίων γενέσθαι.
For now indeed, since the Athenians first came into being, they have come into the greatest danger; and if they bow down to the Medes, it has been decided what they will suffer when handed over to Hippias; but if this city survives, she is capable of becoming the first of the Greek cities.
§6.109.4κῶς ὦν δὴ ταῦτα οἷά τε ἐστὶ γενέσθαι, καὶ κῶς ἐς σέ τοι τούτων ἀνήκει τῶν πρηγμάτων τὸ κῦρος ἔχειν, νῦν ἔρχομαι φράσων.
Now I am going to explain how these things are possible to happen, and how the authority over these matters belongs to you.
ἡμέων τῶν στρατηγῶν ἐόντων δέκα δίχα γίνονται αἱ γνῶμαι, τῶν μὲν κελευόντων τῶν δὲ οὒ συμβάλλειν.
Since we, the generals, are ten in number, our opinions are divided: some of us urging to join battle, and others not.
§6.109.5ἢν μέν νυν μὴ συμβάλωμεν, ἔλπομαι τινὰ στάσιν μεγάλην διασείσειν ἐμπεσοῦσαν τὰ Ἀθηναίων φρονήματα ὥστε μηδίσαι· ἢν δὲ συμβάλωμεν πρίν τι καὶ σαθρὸν Ἀθηναίων μετεξετέροισι ἐγγενέσθαι, θεῶν τὰ ἴσα νεμόντων οἷοί τε εἰμὲν περιγενέσθαι τῇ συμβολῇ.
For if we do not join battle now, I expect some great factional strife will fall upon and shake the minds of the Athenians so as to make them medize; but if we join battle before any rottenness breeds in some of the Athenians, we are able to overcome in the conflict, provided the gods grant equal fortune.
§6.109.6ταῦτα ὦν πάντα ἐς σὲ νῦν τείνει καὶ ἐκ σέο ἤρτηται.
Therefore all these things now point to you and depend upon you.
ἢν γὰρ σὺ γνώμῃ τῇ ἐμῇ προσθῇ, ἔστι τοι πατρίς τε ἐλευθέρη καὶ πόλις πρώτη τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι· ἢν δὲ τὴν τῶν ἀποσπευδόντων τὴν συμβολὴν ἕλῃ, ὑπάρξει τοι τῶν ἐγὼ κατέλεξα ἀγαθῶν τὰ ἐναντία.
For if you add your vote to my opinion, your motherland will be free, and your city the first in Greece; but if you choose the opinion of those who discourage the conflict, you will have the opposite of the good things I have listed."

Notes

  1. §6.109.1ὀλίγους γὰρ εἶναι — An infinitive in indirect discourse (oratio obliqua) explaining the reason of the generals who opposed the battle. The accusative subject `ὀλίγους` refers to the Athenian forces.
  2. §6.109.2ἐνίκα ἡ χείρων τῶν γνωμέων — The imperfect `ἐνίκα` has a conative or inceptive force ("was about to prevail" or "was gaining the upper hand"), describing the situation before the final deciding vote by Callimachus.
  3. §6.109.3οἷα οὐδὲ Ἁρμόδιός τε καὶ Ἀριστογείτων λείπουσι — The relative pronoun `οἷα` (neuter plural accusative) refers back to the antecedent `μνημόσυνα` (memorials). The particle `οὐδέ` means "not even," emphasizing that Callimachus can win glory surpassing even that of the legendary tyrannicides.
  4. §6.109.3δέδοκται τὰ πείσονται — The perfect passive `δέδοκται` means "it has been decided (or destined)." The relative clause `τὰ πείσονται` (with the relative pronoun `τὰ` as object of `πείσονται`, the future of `πάσχω`) functions as the subject: "what they will suffer is determined."
  5. §6.109.5ἔλπομαι — The verb `ἔλπομαι`, while often meaning "to hope" or "expect," is used here in the negative sense of "to fear" or "apprehend" a bad outcome (i.e., factional strife leading to medizing).

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §6.109.1-6.109.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:6.109.1-6.109.6

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