Humanitext Reader

Herodotus · Histories §4.45.1-4.45.5

Division and naming of the three continents

Passage 609 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Herodotus expresses his doubts about why a single landmass is divided into three parts with names derived from women (Libya, Asia, and Europe) and discusses the unknown boundaries of Europe and the mythological origins of these names.

§4.45.1ἡ δὲ Εὐρώπη πρὸς οὐδαμῶν φανερή ἐστι γινωσκομένη, οὔτε τὰ πρὸς ἥλιον ἀνατέλλοντα οὔτε τὰ πρὸς βορέην, εἰ περίρρυτος ἐστί· μήκεϊ δὲ γινώσκεται παρʼ ἀμφοτέρας παρήκουσα. §4.45.2οὐδʼ ἔχω συμβαλέσθαι ἐπʼ ὅτευ μιῇ ἐούσῃ γῇ οὐνόματα τριφάσια κέεται ἐπωνυμίας ἔχοντα γυναικῶν, καὶ οὐρίσματα αὐτῇ Νεῖλός τε ὁ Αἰγύπτιος ποταμὸς ἐτέθη καὶ Φᾶσις ὁ Κόλχος (οἳ δὲ Τάναιν ποταμὸν τὸν Μαιήτην καὶ πορθμήια τὰ Κιμμέρια λέγουσι), οὐδὲ τῶν διουρισάντων τὰ οὐνόματα πυθέσθαι, καὶ ὅθεν ἔθεντο τὰς ἐπωνυμίας. §4.45.3ἤδη γὰρ Λιβύη μὲν ἐπὶ Λιβύης λέγεται ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν Ἑλλήνων ἔχειν τὸ οὔνομα γυναικὸς αὐτόχθονος, ἡ δὲ Ἀσίη ἐπὶ τῆς Προμηθέος γυναικὸς τὴν ἐπωνυμίην.
As for Europe, however, it is not clearly known by anyone whether it is surrounded by water, either on its eastern or on its northern sides; but in length it is known to stretch along both of the other regions.\n Nor can I conjecture for what reason three different names, derived from women, have been given to what is a single landmass, and why the Egyptian river Nile and the Colchian Phasis were established as its boundaries (though some say the river Tanais, which flows into the Maeotian Lake, and the Cimmerian Ferries), nor can I learn the names of those who made these divisions, or whence they took the names they gave.\n For indeed, Libya is said by most Greeks to have its name from Libya, an indigenous woman, and Asia to have its name from the wife of Prometheus.
καὶ τούτου μὲν μεταλαμβάνονται τοῦ οὐνόματος Λυδοί, φάμενοι ἐπὶ Ἀσίεω τοῦ Κότυος τοῦ Μάνεω κεκλῆσθαι τὴν Ἀσίην, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐπὶ τῆς Προμηθέος Ἀσίης· ἀπʼ ὅτευ καὶ τὴν ἐν Σάρδισι φυλὴν κεκλῆσθαι Ἀσιάδα. §4.45.4ἡ δὲ δὴ Εὐρώπη οὔτε εἰ περίρρυτος ἐστὶ γινώσκεται πρὸς οὐδαμῶν ἀνθρώπων, οὔτε ὁκόθεν τὸ οὔνομα ἔλαβε τοῦτο, οὔτε ὅστις οἱ ἦν ὁ θέμενος φαίνεται, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ τῆς Τυρίης φήσομεν Εὐρώπης λαβεῖν τὸ οὔνομα τὴν χώρην· πρότερον δὲ ἦν ἄρα ἀνώνυμος ὥσπερ αἱ ἕτεραι. §4.45.5ἀλλʼ αὕτη γε ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίης τε φαίνεται ἐοῦσα καὶ οὐκ ἀπικομένη ἐς τὴν γῆν ταύτην ἥτις νῦν ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων Εὐρώπη καλέεται, ἀλλʼ ὅσον ἐκ Φοινίκης ἐς Κρήτην, ἐκ Κρήτης δὲ ἐς Λυκίην.
Yet the Lydians lay claim to this latter name, saying that Asia was named after Asias, the son of Cotys, the son of Manes, and not after Asia the wife of Prometheus; from whom also, they say, the tribe in Sardis is called the Asiad tribe.\n But as for Europe, neither is it known by any men whether it is surrounded by water, nor is it clear whence it received this name, nor who it was that gave it, unless we shall say that the land received its name from the Tyrian Europa; and before that, it seems, it was nameless like the other regions.\n Yet this Europa clearly belonged to Asia and never came to this land which is now called Europe by the Greeks, but only went from Phoenicia to Crete, and from Crete to Lycia.
ταῦτα μέν νυν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εἰρήσθω· τοῖσι γὰρ νομιζομένοισι αὐτῶν χρησόμεθα.
Let this much, then, be said concerning these matters; for we shall make use of the received opinions about them.

Notes

  1. 4.45.1φανερή ἐστι γινωσκομένη — The adjective `φανερός` used with the participle `γινωσκομένη` forms a copulative construction meaning 'is clearly known'. Combined with the negative prepositional phrase `πρὸς οὐδαμῶν` ('by no one'), it translates to 'is not clearly known by anyone'.
  2. 4.45.1παρʼ ἀμφοτέρας παρήκουσα — `ἀμφοτέρας` is a feminine accusative plural pronoun referring back to the two previously mentioned continents, Libya and Asia. The participle `παρήκουσα` ('stretching alongside') agrees with the main subject `Εὐρώπη`.
  3. 4.45.2οὐδʼ ἔχω συμβαλέσθαι — The verb `ἔχω` followed by an infinitive (here `συμβαλέσθαι` and later `πυθέσθαι`) functions to express ability or possibility ('can' or 'be able to'). Combined with the negative `οὐδέ`, it means 'nor can I conjecture / learn'.
  4. 4.45.2ἐπʼ ὅτευ — The Ionic form `ἐπʼ ὅτευ` corresponds to the Attic `ἐφ' ὅτῳ` (preposition `ἐπί` + dative of the relative/indefinite pronoun). It introduces an indirect question meaning 'for what reason' or 'why'.
  5. 4.45.3μεταλαμβάνονται τοῦ οὐνόματος — The middle voice of `μεταλαμβάνω` governs the genitive case (`τοῦ οὐνόματος`) and means 'to claim a share in' or 'to lay claim to'. Here it describes the Lydians claiming the right to the name of 'Asia'.
  6. 4.45.5τοῖσι γὰρ νομιζομένοισι αὐτῶν χρησόμεθα — `τοῖσι νομιζομένοισι` (Ionic for `τοῖς νομιζομένοις`) is a substantival neuter plural dative meaning 'established customs' or 'received/accepted terms'. It is in the dative because the verb `χράομαι` ('to use') governs the dative case. `αὐτῶν` is a genitive of reference ('concerning them').

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §4.45.1-4.45.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.45.1-4.45.5

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.