Humanitext Reader

Herodotus · Histories §4.43.1-4.43.7

Attempted circumnavigation of Libya by Sataspes

Passage 607 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Sataspes, an Achæmenian, is spared from execution on the condition that he circumnavigate Libya; however, he fails and turns back, leading to his execution by King Xerxes.

§4.43.1οὕτω μὲν αὕτη ἐγνώσθη τὸ πρῶτον, μετὰ δὲ Καρχηδόνιοι εἰσὶ οἱ λέγοντες· ἐπεὶ Σατάσπης γε ὁ Τεάσπιος ἀνὴρ Ἀχαιμενίδης οὐ περιέπλωσε Λιβύην, ἐπʼ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πεμφθείς, ἀλλὰ δείσας τό τε μῆκος τοῦ πλόου καὶ τὴν ἐρημίην ἀπῆλθε ὀπίσω, οὐδʼ ἐπετέλεσε τὸν ἐπέταξε οἱ ἡ μήτηρ ἄεθλον.
In this way Libya was first known, but the next to say so are the Carthaginians; for Sataspes son of Teaspes, an Achæmenian, did not sail round Libya, though he was sent for this very purpose, but fearing the length of the voyage and the desolation, he turned back, and did not perform the task which his mother laid upon him.
§4.43.2θυγατέρα γὰρ Ζωπύρου τοῦ Μεγαβύζου ἐβιήσατο παρθένον· ἔπειτα μέλλοντος αὐτοῦ διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίην ἀνασκολοπιεῖσθαι ὑπὸ Ξέρξεω βασιλέος, ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ Σατάσπεος ἐοῦσα Δαρείου ἀδελφεὴ παραιτήσατο, φᾶσά οἱ αὐτὴ μέζω ζημίην ἐπιθήσειν ἤ περ ἐκεῖνον·
For he had violated a virgin, the daughter of Zopyrus son of Megabyzus; and when for this cause he was about to be impaled by king Xerxes, the mother of Sataspes, who was Darius' sister, begged him off, saying that she herself would lay upon him a greater punishment than Xerxes.
§4.43.3Λιβύην γάρ οἱ ἀνάγκην ἔσεσθαι περιπλώειν, ἐς ὃ ἂν ἀπίκηται περιπλέων αὐτὴν ἐς τὸν Ἀράβιον κόλπον.
For he should be compelled, she said, to sail round Libya, until in his circumnavigation he should reach the Arabian Gulf.
συγχωρήσαντος δὲ Ξέρξεω ἐπὶ τούτοισι, ὁ Σατάσπης ἀπικόμενος ἐς Αἴγυπτον καὶ λαβὼν νέα τε καὶ ναύτας παρὰ τούτων ἔπλεε ἐπὶ Ἡρακλέας στήλας·
Xerxes having agreed to these terms, Sataspes came to Egypt, and taking a ship and crew from these people, sailed to the Pillars of Heracles.
§4.43.4διεκπλώσας δὲ καὶ κάμψας τὸ ἀκρωτήριον τῆς Λιβύης τῷ οὔνομα Σολόεις ἐστί, ἔπλεε πρὸς μεσαμβρίην· περήσας δὲ θάλασσαν πολλὴν ἐν πολλοῖσι μησί, ἐπείτε τοῦ πλεῦνος αἰεὶ ἔδεε, ἀποστρέψας ὀπίσω ἀπέπλεε ἐς Αἴγυπτον.
Having sailed through and doubled the promontory of Libya which is called Solois, he sailed southwards; but when he had crossed much sea in many months, and there was always need of more, he turned back and sailed to Egypt.
§4.43.5ἐκ δὲ ταύτης ἀπικόμενος παρὰ βασιλέα Ξέρξεα ἔλεγε φὰς τὰ προσωτάτω ἀνθρώπους μικροὺς παραπλέειν ἐσθῆτι φοινικηίῃ διαχρεωμένους, οἳ ὅκως σφεῖς καταγοίατο τῇ νηὶ φεύγεσκον πρὸς τὰ ὄρεα λείποντες τὰς πόλιας· αὐτοὶ δὲ ἀδικέειν οὐδὲν ἐσιόντες, βρωτὰ δὲ μοῦνα ἐξ αὐτέων λαμβάνειν.
Returning from there to king Xerxes, he told him, saying that at the furthest point he sailed past dwarf men who wore clothing made of palm-leaves, who, whenever he and his men put in with their ship, would flee to the hills, leaving their towns; but they did them no wrong when they entered, but took only food from them.
§4.43.6τοῦ δὲ μὴ περιπλῶσαι Λιβύην παντελέως αἴτιον τόδε ἔλεγε, τὸ πλοῖον τὸ πρόσω οὐ δυνατὸν ἔτι εἶναι προβαίνειν ἀλλʼ ἐνίσχεσθαι.
And as the cause of his not sailing completely round Libya, he said this: that the ship was no longer able to make progress, but was held fast.
Ξέρξης δὲ οὔ οἱ συγγινώσκων λέγειν ἀληθέα οὐκ ἐπιτελέσαντά τε τὸν προκείμενον ἄεθλον ἀνεσκολόπισε, τὴν ἀρχαίην δίκην ἐπιτιμῶν.
But Xerxes, not believing that he spoke the truth, and because he had not performed the task set before him, impaled him, inflicting the original penalty.
§4.43.7τούτου δὲ τοῦ Σατάσπεος εὐνοῦχος ἀπέδρη ἐς Σάμον, ἐπείτε ἐπύθετο τάχιστα τὸν δεσπότεα τετελευτηκότα, ἔχων χρήματα μεγάλα, τὰ Σάμιος ἀνὴρ κατέσχε, τοῦ ἐπιστάμενος τὸ οὔνομα ἑκὼν ἐπιλήθομαι.
A eunuch of this Sataspes, as soon as he heard that his master was dead, ran away to Samos with great wealth, which a man of Samos took possession of; whose name I know, but of my own free will forget.

Notes

  1. 4.43.1τὸν ἐπέταξε οἱ ἡ μήτηρ ἄεθλον — The relative pronoun `τὸν` is used in place of the Attic `ὅν` (agreeing with the antecedent `ἄεθλον`). The dative personal pronoun `οἱ` refers to Sataspes as the indirect object of `ἐπέταξε`.
  2. 4.43.2φᾶσά οἱ αὐτὴ μέζω ζημίην ἐπιθήσειν ἤ περ ἐκεῖνον — The subject of the infinitive `ἐπιθήσειν` is the mother herself (`αὐτή`, nominative), who is also the subject of the main clause. The dative `οἱ` refers to Sataspes. The accusative `ἐκεῖνον` refers to Xerxes, serving as the object of comparison after `ἤ περ` following the comparative `μέζω`.
  3. 4.43.4τοῦ πλεῦνος αἰεὶ ἔδεε — The past tense of the impersonal verb `δέει` (`ἔδεε`) is combined with the genitive `τοῦ πλεῦνος` ("more"), forming an idiomatic expression meaning "there was always need of more [sailing]," i.e., that the journey seemed endless.
  4. 4.43.5φὰς τὰ προσωτάτω ἀνθρώπους μικροὺς παραπλέειν — The subject of the infinitive `παραπλέειν` following the participle `φάς` is Sataspes himself (omitted in the nominative as the speaker), and the accusative `ἀνθρώπους μικρούς` is its object. Thus, it means "that he (Sataspes) sailed past dwarf men."

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §4.43.1-4.43.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.43.1-4.43.7

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