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Herodotus · Histories §3.22.1-3.22.4

The Ethiopian King's Assessment of Persian Gifts

Passage 426 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The Ethiopian king rejects most of the Persian gifts as deceitful or useless, except for the wine, and expresses astonishment at the short lifespan of the wheat-eating Persians while praising the benefits of their drink.

§3.22.1ταῦτα δὲ εἴπας καὶ ἀνεὶς τὸ τόξον παρέδωκε τοῖσι ἥκουσι.
Saying this and unstringing the bow, he handed it over to those who had come.
λαβὼν δὲ τὸ εἷμα τὸ πορφύρεον εἰρώτα ὅ τι εἴη καὶ ὅκως πεποιημένον· εἰπόντων δὲ τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων τὴν ἀληθείην περὶ τῆς πορφύρης καὶ τῆς βαφῆς, δολεροὺς μὲν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἔφη εἶναι, δολερὰ δὲ αὐτῶν τὰ εἵματα.
And taking the purple robe, he asked what it was and how it had been made; when the Fish-eaters told him the truth about the purple dye and the process of dyeing, he said that the men were deceitful, and deceitful too were their garments.
§3.22.2δεύτερα δὲ τὸν χρυσὸν εἰρώτα τὸν στρεπτὸν τὸν περιαυχένιον καὶ τὰ ψέλια· ἐξηγεομένων δὲ τῶν Ἰχθυοφάγων τὸν κόσμον αὐτοῦ, γελάσας ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ νομίσας εἶναι σφέα πέδας εἶπε ὡς παρʼ ἑωυτοῖσι εἰσὶ ῥωμαλεώτεραι τουτέων πέδαι.
Secondly, he asked about the twisted gold necklace and the bracelets; when the Fish-eaters explained their ornamentation, the king laughed, and thinking them to be fetters, said that they had stronger fetters than these among themselves.
§3.22.3τρίτον δὲ εἰρώτα τὸ μύρον· εἰπόντων δὲ τῆς ποιήσιος πέρι καὶ ἀλείψιος, τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον τὸν καὶ περὶ τοῦ εἵματος εἶπε.
Thirdly, he asked about the myrrh; when they spoke of its preparation and its anointing, he said the very same thing that he had said about the garment.
ὡς δὲ ἐς τὸν οἶνον ἀπίκετο καὶ ἐπύθετο αὐτοῦ τὴν ποίησιν, ὑπερησθεὶς τῷ πόματι ἐπείρετο ὅ τι τε σιτέεται ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ χρόνον ὁκόσον μακρότατον ἀνὴρ Πέρσης ζώει.
But when he came to the wine and learned of its making, being exceedingly pleased with the drink, he inquired what the king ate and what was the longest time a Persian man lived.
§3.22.4οἳ δὲ σιτέεσθαι μὲν τὸν ἄρτον εἶπον, ἐξηγησάμενοι τῶν πυρῶν τὴν φύσιν, ὀγδώκοντα δὲ ἔτεα ζόης πλήρωμα ἀνδρὶ μακρότατον προκεῖσθαι.
They said that they ate bread, explaining the nature of the wheat, and that eighty years was laid down as the longest span of life for a man.
πρὸς ταῦτα ὁ Αἰθίοψ ἔφη οὐδὲν θωμάζειν εἰ σιτεόμενοι κόπρον ἔτεα ὀλίγα ζώουσι· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν τοσαῦτα δύνασθαι ζώειν σφέας, εἰ μὴ τῷ πόματι ἀνέφερον, φράζων τοῖσι Ἰχθυοφάγοισι τὸν οἶνον· τούτῳ γὰρ ἑωυτοὺς ὑπὸ Περσέων ἑσσοῦσθαι.
To this the Ethiopian said that he was not at all surprised if, eating dung, they lived few years; for they would not even be able to live that long unless they refreshed themselves with this drink—meaning the wine to the Fish-eaters; for in this they themselves were surpassed by the Persians.

Notes

  1. 3.22.2νομίσας εἶναι σφέα πέδας — The neuter plural pronoun `σφέα` refers to the golden necklace and bracelets (`τὸν χρυσὸν τὸν στρεπτὸν... καὶ τὰ ψέλια`) mentioned in the preceding clause. This accusative and infinitive construction expresses the king's mistaken belief that these ornaments were fetters.
  2. 3.22.4εἰ σιτεόμενοι κόπρον ἔτεα ὀλίγα ζώουσι — The conjunction `εἰ` introduces a clause of fact following the verb of emotion `θωμάζειν`. The word `κόπρον` (dung) is a contemptuous metaphor used by the Ethiopian king to describe wheat, which grows from soil fertilized with manure.
  3. 3.22.4ἀνέφερον — Used intransitively, `ἀναφέρω` means 'to recover (from exhaustion)' or 'to sustain oneself.' It forms the protasis of an unreal condition (`εἰ μὴ... ἀνέφερον`), which corresponds to the infinitive with `ἄν` (`ἂν ... δύνασθαι`) in the apodosis representing indirect speech.
  4. 3.22.4τούτῳ γὰρ ἑωυτοὺς ὑπὸ Περσέων ἑσσοῦσθαι — The dative `τούτῳ` is a dative of respect ('in this respect'). The reflexive pronoun `ἑωυτούς` (themselves, i.e., the Ethiopians) functions as the subject accusative of the infinitive `ἑσσοῦσθαι` ('to be inferior / surpassed') in indirect speech.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §3.22.1-3.22.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.22.1-3.22.4

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