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Herodotus · Histories §3.14.1-3.14.11

Cambyses Tests Psammenitus and the King's Tears

Passage 418 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Cambyses tests the captive Egyptian king Psammenitus by sending his daughter into slavery and his son to execution, but Psammenitus remains silent. However, when he sees a ruined former drinking companion begging, he weeps aloud; his explanation moves Cambyses and the Persians to pity and mercy.

§3.14.1ἡμέρῃ δὲ δεκάτῃ ἀπʼ ἧς παρέλαβε τὸ τεῖχος τὸ ἐν Μέμφι Καμβύσης, κατίσας ἐς τὸ προάστειον ἐπὶ λύμῃ τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων Ψαμμήνιτον, βασιλεύσαντα μῆνας ἕξ, τοῦτον κατίσας σὺν ἄλλοισι Αἰγυπτίοισι διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς ποιέων τοιάδε· §3.14.2στείλας αὐτοῦ τὴν θυγατέρα ἐσθῆτι δουληίῃ ἐξέπεμπε ἐπʼ ὕδωρ ἔχουσαν ὑδρήιον, συνέπεμπε δὲ καὶ ἄλλας παρθένους ἀπολέξας ἀνδρῶν τῶν πρώτων, ὁμοίως ἐσταλμένας τῇ τοῦ βασιλέος.
On the tenth day after Cambyses captured the fortress in Memphis, having seated the king of the Egyptians, Psammenitus, who had reigned for six months, in the suburb for the purpose of insulting him, having seated him along with other Egyptians, Cambyses made trial of his spirit by doing the following: having dressed his daughter in the garb of a slave, he sent her out for water, carrying a pitcher, and he sent with her also other maidens, chosen from the leading men, dressed in like manner to the king's daughter.
§3.14.3ὡς δὲ βοῇ τε καὶ κλαυθμῷ παρήισαν αἱ παρθένοι παρὰ τοὺς πατέρας, οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι πάντες ἀντεβόων τε καὶ ἀντέκλαιον ὁρῶντες τὰ τέκνα κεκακωμένα, ὁ δὲ Ψαμμήνιτος προϊδὼν καὶ μαθὼν ἔκυψε ἐς τὴν γῆν.
And when the maidens passed by their fathers with crying and wailing, all the others cried out and wailed in response, seeing their children humiliated, but Psammenitus, having looked upon them and understood, bent down to the earth.
§3.14.4παρελθουσέων δὲ τῶν ὑδροφόρων, δεύτερά οἱ τὸν παῖδα ἔπεμπε μετʼ ἄλλων Αἰγυπτίων δισχιλίων τὴν αὐτὴν ἡλικίην ἐχόντων, τούς τε αὐχένας κάλῳ δεδεμένους καὶ τὰ στόματα ἐγκεχαλινωμένους·
When the water-carriers had passed by, secondly he sent his son with two thousand other Egyptians of the same age, with their necks bound with rope and their mouths bitted.
§3.14.5ἤγοντο δὲ ποινὴν τίσοντες Μυτιληναίων τοῖσι ἐν Μέμφι ἀπολομένοισι σὺν τῇ νηί. ταῦτα γὰρ ἐδίκασαν οἱ βασιλήιοι δικασταί, ὑπὲρ ἀνδρὸς ἑκάστου δέκα Αἰγυπτίων τῶν πρώτων ἀνταπόλλυσθαι.
And they were being led to pay the penalty for those of the Mytilaeans who had perished in Memphis with the ship; for the royal judges had decided this, that for each man, ten of the leading Egyptians should perish in return.
§3.14.6ὁ δὲ ἰδὼν παρεξιόντας καὶ μαθὼν τὸν παῖδα ἡγεόμενον ἐπὶ θάνατον, τῶν ἄλλων Αἰγυπτίων τῶν περικατημένων αὐτὸν κλαιόντων καὶ δεινὰ ποιεύντων, τὠυτὸ ἐποίησε τὸ καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ θυγατρί.
But he, having seen them passing by and having recognized his son leading the way to death, while the other Egyptians sitting around him were weeping and expressing their grief, did the very same thing as he had done in the case of his daughter.
§3.14.7παρελθόντων δὲ καὶ τούτων, συνήνεικε ὥστε τῶν συμποτέων οἱ ἄνδρα ἀπηλικέστερον, ἐκπεπτωκότα ἐκ τῶν ἐόντων ἔχοντά τε οὐδὲν εἰ μὴ ὅσα πτωχὸς καὶ προσαιτέοντα τὴν στρατιήν, παριέναι Ψαμμήνιτόν τε τὸν Ἀμάσιος καὶ τοὺς ἐν τῷ προαστείῳ κατημένους Αἰγυπτίων.
And when these also had passed by, it happened that a man of his, rather advanced in years, who had been one of his drinking companions and had fallen from his possessions, having nothing except what a beggar has and begging from the army, passed by Psammenitus, son of Amasis, and those of the Egyptians who sat in the suburb.
ὁ δὲ Ψαμμήνιτος ὡς εἶδε, ἀνακλαύσας μέγα καὶ καλέσας ὀνομαστὶ τὸν ἑταῖρον ἐπλήξατο τὴν κεφαλήν.
And when Psammenitus saw him, weeping aloud and calling his companion by name, he beat his head.
§3.14.8ἦσαν δʼ ἄρα αὐτοῦ φύλακοι, οἳ τὸ ποιεύμενον πᾶν ἐξ ἐκείνου ἐπʼ ἑκάστῃ ἐξόδῳ Καμβύσῃ ἐσήμαινον. θωμάσας δὲ ὁ Καμβύσης τὰ ποιεύμενα, πέμψας ἄγγελον εἰρώτα αὐτὸν λέγων τάδε.
Now there were guards of his, who reported to Cambyses everything done by him at each procession.
§3.14.9δεσπότης σε Καμβύσης, Ψαμμήνιτε, εἰρωτᾷ διʼ ὅ τι δὴ τὴν μὲν θυγατέρα ὁρέων κεκακωμένην καὶ τὸν παῖδα ἐπὶ θάνατον στείχοντα οὔτε ἀνέβωσας οὔτε ἀπέκλαυσας, τὸν δὲ πτωχὸν οὐδὲν σοὶ προσήκοντα, ὡς ἄλλων πυνθάνεται, ἐτίμησας. ὃ μὲν δὴ ταῦτα ἐπειρώτα, ὃ δʼ ἀμείβετο τοῖσιδε. §3.14.10ὦ παῖ Κύρου, τὰ μὲν οἰκήια ἦν μέζω κακὰ ἢ ὥστε ἀνακλαίειν, τὸ δὲ τοῦ ἑταίρου πένθος ἄξιον ἦν δακρύων, ὃς ἐκ πολλῶν τε καὶ εὐδαιμόνων ἐκπεσὼν ἐς πτωχηίην ἀπῖκται ἐπὶ γήραος οὐδῷ. καὶ ταῦτα ὡς ἀπενειχθέντα ὑπὸ τούτου εὖ δοκέειν σφι εἰρῆσθαι, §3.14.11ὡς λέγεται ὑπʼ Αἰγυπτίων, δακρύειν μὲν Κροῖσον (ἐτετεύχεε γὰρ καὶ οὗτος ἐπισπόμενος Καμβύσῃ ἐπʼ Αἴγυπτους), δακρύειν δὲ Περσέων τοὺς παρεόντας· αὐτῷ τε Καμβύσῃ ἐσελθεῖν οἶκτον τινά, καὶ αὐτίκα κελεύειν τόν τέ οἱ παῖδα ἐκ τῶν ἀπολλυμένων σώζειν καὶ αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ προαστείου ἀναστήσαντας ἄγειν παρʼ ἑωυτόν.
And Cambyses, wondering at his behavior, sent a messenger and asked him, saying as follows: "Your master Cambyses asks you, Psammenitus, why on earth, when you saw your daughter humiliated and your son walking to death, you neither cried aloud nor wept, but you showed respect to the beggar who is in no way related to you, as he learns from others." Thus he inquired, and the other answered with these words: "O son of Cyrus, my own troubles were too great for weeping, but the grief of my companion was worthy of tears, who, having fallen from many good things and prosperity, has arrived at beggary on the threshold of old age." And when these words were reported by him, they seemed to them to have been well spoken; and as is said by the Egyptians, Croesus wept (for he too had happened to follow Cambyses to Egypt), and those of the Persians who were present wept; and a certain pity entered Cambyses himself, and he immediately ordered them to save his son from among those who were being put to death, and, raising him up from the suburb, to bring him to himself.

Notes

  1. 3.14.1ἀπʼ ἧς — The relative pronoun ἧς referring to the antecedent ἡμέρῃ is in the genitive case because of the preposition ἀπό. The full construction would be ἀπʼ ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρης ἧς... with the demonstrative antecedent omitted.
  2. 3.14.4τοὺς αὐχένας κάλῳ δεδεμένους καὶ τὰ στόματα ἐγκεχαλινωμένους — An example of the accusative of respect (or specification) with τοὺς αὐχένας and τὰ στόματα accompanying the perfect passive participles δεδεμένους and ἐγκεχαλινωμένους. It specifies the parts of the body affected ("bound with respect to their necks, bitted with respect to their mouths").
  3. 3.14.7συνήνεικε ὥστε ... παριέναι — The impersonal aorist συνήνεικε (from συμφέρω, Ionic for the Attic συνέβη) followed by ὥστε and the infinitive (παριέναι) is a characteristic Herodotean idiom meaning "it happened that..." or "it came to pass that...".
  4. 3.14.10μέζω κακὰ ἢ ὥστε ἀνακλαίειν — The construction of a comparative (μέζω for μείζω) followed by ἤ ὥστε and the infinitive (ἀνακλαίειν) expresses the idea of "too ... to ..." ("troubles too great to be wept for").
  5. 3.14.10καὶ ταῦτα ὡς ἀπενειχθέντα ὑπὸ τούτου εὖ δοκέειν σφι εἰρῆσθαι — An indirect discourse construction characteristic of Herodotus: ὡς followed by the accusative absolute ἀπενειχθέντα, with the main verb of the report in the infinitive δοκέειν (for δοκεῖν), subordinate to a general reporting verb like "it is said that."

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §3.14.1-3.14.11. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.14.1-3.14.11

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