Humanitext Reader

Herodotus · Histories §2.45.1-2.45.3

Refutation of the Greek Myth on Heracles in Egypt

Passage 261 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The author criticizes the Greek myth about Heracles being almost sacrificed in Egypt by pointing out Egyptian religious laws and physical impossibility, closing the discussion with a prayer to gods and heroes.

§2.45.1λέγουσι δὲ πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα ἀνεπισκέπτως οἱ Ἕλληνες, εὐήθης δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ ὅδε ὁ μῦθος ἐστὶ τὸν περὶ τοῦ Ἡρακλέος λέγουσι, ὡς αὐτὸν ἀπικόμενον ἐς Αἴγυπτον στέψαντες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι ὑπὸ πομπῆς ἐξῆγον ὡς θύσοντες τῷ Διί· τὸν δὲ τέως μὲν ἡσυχίην ἔχειν, ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτοῦ πρὸς τῷ βωμῷ κατάρχοντο, ἐς ἀλκὴν τραπόμενον πάντας σφέας καταφονεῦσαι.
The Greeks say many other things without consideration, and this story which they tell about Heracles is also silly: namely, that when he arrived in Egypt, the Egyptians put wreaths on him and led him out in a procession to sacrifice him to Zeus; and for a while he kept quiet, but when they began the preparatory rites upon him at the altar, he turned to defense and slaughtered them all.
§2.45.2ἐμοὶ μέν νυν δοκέουσι ταῦτα λέγοντες τῆς Αἰγυπτίων φύσιος καὶ τῶν νόμων πάμπαν ἀπείρως ἔχειν οἱ Ἕλληνες· τοῖσι γὰρ οὐδὲ κτήνεα ὁσίη θύειν ἐστὶ χωρὶς ὑῶν καὶ ἐρσένων βοῶν καὶ μόσχων, ὅσοι ἂν καθαροὶ ἔωσι, καὶ χηνῶν, κῶς ἂν οὗτοι ἀνθρώπους θύοιεν;
Now in saying this, the Greeks seem to me to be entirely ignorant of the nature and laws of the Egyptians; for since it is not permitted for them to sacrifice even beasts, except for pigs, male cattle, calves (such as are clean), and geese, how could they sacrifice human beings?
§2.45.3ἔτι δὲ ἕνα ἐόντα τὸν Ἡρακλέα καὶ ἔτι ἄνθρωπον, ὡς δὴ φασί, κῶς φύσιν ἔχει πολλὰς μυριάδας φονεῦσαι;
And besides, since Heracles was but one, and still only a man, as they say, how is it natural for him to have slaughtered many tens of thousands?
καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων τοσαῦτα ἡμῖν εἰποῦσι καὶ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἡρώων εὐμένεια εἴη.
And about these matters, let so much be said by us, and may we have the goodwill of both gods and heroes.

Notes

  1. §2.45.1τὸν δὲ τέως μὲν ἡσυχίην ἔχειν — Within the indirect discourse introduced by ὡς ('that...'), the infinitive clauses (ἔχειν, καταφονεῦσαι) continue with the relative/demonstrative pronoun τὸν acting as the subject accusative. This is a common Herodotean narrative style showing the continuation of indirect discourse.
  2. §2.45.2τοῖσι γὰρ οὐδὲ κτήνεα ὁσίη θύειν ἐστὶ — τοῖσι is the dative plural referring to the Egyptians. ὁσίη (Ionic form of ὁσία, 'divine law' or 'pious duty') is used with ἐστί impersonally, meaning 'it is religiously permissible for them to...'.
  3. §2.45.3κῶς φύσιν ἔχει — Literally, 'how does it have a nature?'. The phrase φύσιν ἔχει is an idiom meaning 'to be natural' or 'to be possible according to nature', which, followed by the infinitive (φονεῦσαι), expresses a rhetorical question: 'how is it possible/natural for him to...?'.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.45.1-2.45.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.45.1-2.45.3

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.