Humanitext Reader

Herodotus · Histories §2.35.1-2.35.4

Peculiar Customs and Laws of the Egyptians

Passage 251 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

As the author begins his detailed account of Egypt, he lists numerous examples of how Egyptian environmental conditions, customs, and laws are reversed compared to those of other peoples, including gender roles, habits of daily life, priesthood, and filial duties.

§2.35.1Νείλου μέν νυν πέρι τοσαῦτα εἰρήσθω· ἔρχομαι δὲ περὶ Αἰγύπτου μηκυνέων τὸν λόγον, ὅτι πλεῖστα θωμάσια ἔχει ἢ ἡ ἄλλη πᾶσα χώρη καὶ ἔργα λόγου μέζω παρέχεται πρὸς πᾶσαν χώρην·
Let so much be said concerning the Nile; but I am going to lengthen my discourse about Egypt, because it possesses far more wonders than any other country, and presents works greater than words can describe in comparison with every other land.
τούτων εἵνεκα πλέω περὶ αὐτῆς εἰρήσεται.
For these reasons, more shall be said about it.
§2.35.2Αἰγύπτιοι ἅμα τῷ οὐρανῷ τῷ κατὰ σφέας ἐόντι ἑτεροίῳ καὶ τῷ ποταμῷ φύσιν ἀλλοίην παρεχομένῳ ἢ οἱ ἄλλοι ποταμοί, τὰ πολλὰ πάντα ἔμπαλιν τοῖσι ἄλλοισι ἀνθρώποισι ἐστήσαντο ἤθεά τε καὶ νόμους·
The Egyptians, along with having a climate peculiar to themselves and a river that presents a nature different from other rivers, have established for themselves customs and laws which are, in almost all respects, the reverse of those of other men.
ἐν τοῖσι αἱ μὲν γυναῖκες ἀγοράζουσι καὶ καπηλεύουσι, οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες κατʼ οἴκους ἐόντες ὑφαίνουσι· ὑφαίνουσι δὲ οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι ἄνω τὴν κρόκην ὠθέοντες, Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ κάτω.
Among them, the women go to market and trade, while the men stay at home and weave; and while others weave by pushing the woof upwards, the Egyptians push it downwards.
§2.35.3τὰ ἄχθεα οἱ μὲν ἄνδρες ἐπὶ τῶν κεφαλέων φορέουσι, αἱ δὲ γυναῖκες ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων.
Men carry burdens on their heads, but women on their shoulders.
οὐρέουσι αἱ μὲν γυναῖκες ὀρθαί, οἱ δὲ ἄνδρες κατήμενοι.
Women urinate standing, but men sitting.
εὐμαρείῃ χρέωνται ἐν τοῖσι οἴκοισι, ἐσθίουσι δὲ ἔξω ἐν τῇσι ὁδοῖσι ἐπιλέγοντες ὡς τὰ μὲν αἰσχρὰ ἀναγκαῖα δὲ ἐν ἀποκρύφῳ ἐστὶ ποιέειν χρεόν, τὰ δὲ μὴ αἰσχρὰ ἀναφανδόν.
They ease nature in their houses, but eat outside in the streets, declaring that things which are shameful but necessary should be done in secret, but those which are not shameful should be done openly.
§2.35.4ἱρᾶται γυνὴ μὲν οὐδεμία οὔτε ἔρσενος θεοῦ οὔτε θηλέης, ἄνδρες δὲ πάντων τε καὶ πασέων.
No woman serves as a priest for either a god or a goddess, but men are priests of all gods and goddesses.
τρέφειν τοὺς τοκέας τοῖσι μὲν παισὶ οὐδεμία ἀνάγκη μὴ βουλομένοισι, τῇσι δὲ θυγατράσι πᾶσα ἀνάγκη καὶ μὴ βουλομένῃσι.
To support their parents is no necessity for sons if they do not wish to, but for daughters there is an absolute necessity even if they do not wish to.

Notes

  1. 2.35.1ἔρχομαι ... μηκυνέων — The verb of motion ἔρχομαι is combined with the future participle μηκυνέων to express immediate future or intention ("I am going to lengthen").
  2. 2.35.2ἅμα τῷ οὐρανῷ ... καὶ τῷ ποταμῷ — The preposition ἅμα governs the dative nouns (τῷ οὐρανῷ, τῷ ποταμῷ) accompanied by participles (ἐόντι, παρεχομένῳ), expressing the simultaneous occurrence of these environmental conditions.
  3. 2.35.3εὐμαρείῃ χρέωνται — The noun εὐμαρείη, originally meaning "ease" or "convenience," is used here as a euphemism for bodily waste or easing nature. It is governed by the verb χράομαι (to use, practice) in the dative, meaning "to relieve oneself."
  4. 2.35.3ποιέειν χρεόν — The infinitive ποιέειν (to do) depends on the indeclinable neuter χρεόν (Ionian form of χρεών, meaning "it is necessary"), which here functions as the predicate with the copula ἐστί.
  5. 2.35.4ἱρᾶται — Third-person singular present of ἱράομαι (to serve as a priest). The subject is the feminine singular noun γυνή. The deities served are expressed in the genitive (ἔρσενος θεοῦ, θηλέης).

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §2.35.1-2.35.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.35.1-2.35.4

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