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Herodotus · Histories §1.75.1-1.75.6

Croesus Crossing the Halys and the Legend of Thales

Passage 75 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Croesus, angered by Cyrus's deposition of his grandfather Astyages, marches against Persia after receiving an oracle and reaches the Halys River. Herodotus discusses the passage of the army, contesting the common Greek legend about Thales with a rational objection.

§1.75.1τοῦτον δὴ ὦν τὸν Ἀστυάγεα Κῦρος ἐόντα ἑωυτοῦ μητροπάτορα καταστρεψάμενος ἔσχε διʼ αἰτίην τὴν ἐγὼ ἐν τοῖσι ὀπίσω λόγοισι σημανέω·
Cyrus subdued and held this very Astyages, who was his own maternal grandfather, for a reason which I shall declare in the later parts of my history.
§1.75.2τὰ Κροῖσος ἐπιμεμφόμενος τῷ Κύρῳ ἔς τε τὰ χρηστήρια ἔπεμπε εἰ στρατεύηται ἐπὶ Πέρσας, καὶ δὴ καὶ ἀπικομένου χρησμοῦ κιβδήλου, ἐλπίσας πρὸς ἑωυτοῦ τὸν χρησμὸν εἶναι, ἐστρατεύετο ἐς τὴν Περσέων μοῖραν.
Croesus, blaming Cyrus for these things, sent to the oracles to ask if he should march against the Persians, and indeed, when an ambiguous oracle arrived, hoping that the oracle was in his favor, he marched into the territory of the Persians.
§1.75.3ὡς δὲ ἀπίκετο ἐπὶ τὸν Ἅλυν ποταμὸν ὁ Κροῖσος, τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν, ὡς μὲν ἐγὼ λέγω, κατὰ τὰς ἐούσας γεφύρας διεβίβασε τὸν στρατόν, ὡς δὲ ὁ πολλὸς λόγος Ἑλλήνων, Θαλῆς οἱ ὁ Μιλήσιος διεβίβασε.
But when Croesus arrived at the Halys river, thereupon, as I say, he led his army across by the existing bridges, but as the common account of the Greeks has it, Thales of Miletus got it across for him.
§1.75.4ἀπορέοντος γὰρ Κροίσου ὅκως οἱ διαβήσεται τὸν ποταμὸν ὁ στρατός (οὐ γὰρ δὴ εἶναι κω τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον τὰς γεφύρας ταύτας) λέγεται παρεόντα τὸν Θαλῆν ἐν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ ποιῆσαι αὐτῷ τὸν ποταμὸν ἐξ ἀριστερῆς χειρὸς ῥέοντα τοῦ στρατοῦ καὶ ἐκ δεξιῆς ῥέειν, ποιῆσαι δὲ ὧδε· §1.75.5ἄνωθεν τοῦ στρατοπέδου ἀρξάμενον διώρυχα βαθέαν ὀρύσσειν, ἄγοντα μηνοειδέα, ὅκως ἂν τὸ στρατόπεδον ἱδρυμένον κατὰ νώτου λάβοι, ταύτῃ κατὰ τὴν διώρυχα ἐκτραπόμενος ἐκ τῶν ἀρχαίων ῥεέθρων, καὶ αὖτις παραμειβόμενος τὸ στρατόπεδον ἐς τὰ ἀρχαῖα ἐσβάλλοι· ὥστε ἐπείτε καὶ ἐσχίσθη τάχιστα ὁ ποταμός, ἀμφοτέρῃ διαβατὸς ἐγένετο,
For since Croesus was at a loss as to how his army would cross the river (for they say these bridges did not yet exist at that time), it is said that Thales, being present in the camp, made the river, which flowed on the left hand of the army, flow also on its right, and he did it in this way: beginning from above the camp, he dug a deep trench, conducting it in a crescent shape, so that it might take the camp, as it was pitched, in its rear, being diverted along this trench from its old bed, and again, passing by the camp, it would empty into its old bed; so that as soon as the river was divided, it became fordable on both sides.
§1.75.6οἳ δὲ καὶ τὸ παράπαν λέγουσι καὶ τὸ ἀρχαῖον ῥέεθρον ἀποξηρανθῆναι.
But some even say that the old bed was dried up entirely.
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὐ προσίεμαι· κῶς γὰρ ὀπίσω πορευόμενοι διέβησαν αὐτόν;
However, I do not accept this; for how, on their return journey, did they cross it?

Notes

  1. 1.75.1ἐόντα ἑωυτοῦ μητροπάτορα — The participle ἐόντα, together with the noun μητροπάτορα, modifies the preceding accusative object Ἀστυάγεα (Astyages), describing his genealogical relationship as Cyrus's maternal grandfather.
  2. 1.75.2τὰ Κροῖσος ἐπιμεμφόμενος τῷ Κύρῳ — The verb ἐπιμέμφομαι takes a dative of the person (τῷ Κύρῳ) and an accusative of the thing (the neuter plural relative/demonstrative pronoun τὰ at the beginning), meaning 'blaming Cyrus for these things.'
  3. 1.75.2πρὸς ἑωυτοῦ — The preposition πρὸς with the genitive case means 'on the side of' or 'in favor of.' Here it indicates that Croesus hoped the oracle was in his own favor.
  4. 1.75.3οἱ — The third-person singular dative pronoun (Ionic οἱ = Attic αὐτῷ) functions here as a dative of advantage, meaning 'for him' (i.e., for Croesus).
  5. 1.75.4οὐ γὰρ δὴ εἶναι κω τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον τὰς γεφύρας ταύτας — Inside the parenthesis, the infinitive εἶναι is used instead of the indicative ἦσαν, forming an accusative-and-infinitive construction that represents indirect speech, reporting the common belief that these bridges did not yet exist.
  6. 1.75.4ποιῆσαι αὐτῷ τὸν ποταμὸν ἐξ ἀριστερῆς χειρὸς ῥέοντα τοῦ στρατοῦ καὶ ἐκ δεξιῆς ῥέειν — The object of the verb ποιῆσαι is τὸν ποταμόν. The participle ῥέοντα expresses the existing state ('flowing on the left'), while the infinitive ῥέειν serves as the object complement governed by ποιῆσαι, expressing the result ('made it flow also on the right').
  7. 1.75.5ἄγοντα μηνοειδέα — The present participle ἄγοντα is masculine accusative singular, referring to the agent Thales (the subject of ὀρύσσειν). Since the noun for trench (διώρυξ) is feminine, the masculine gender of the participle confirms that it modifies Thales, meaning 'leading or drawing [the trench] in a crescent shape.'
  8. 1.75.5ἐκτραπόμενος... ἐσβάλλοι — The masculine singular nominative participle ἐκτραπόμενος and the third-person singular optative verb ἐσβάλλοι both have the river (ὁ ποταμός) as their subject, describing the process of the river being diverted and then re-entering its original bed, continuing the purpose clause introduced by ὅκως ἂν.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §1.75.1-1.75.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.75.1-1.75.6

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