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Herodotus · Histories §1.67.1-1.67.5

The Oracle on Orestes' Bones and the Agathoergoi

Passage 67 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

The story of how Sparta gained the upper hand against Tegea, the Delphic oracle instructing them to retrieve the bones of Orestes, and the explanation of the "agathoergoi" who eventually solved the riddle.

§1.67.1κατὰ μὲν δὴ τὸν πρότερον πόλεμον συνεχέως αἰεὶ κακῶς ἀέθλεον πρὸς τοὺς Τεγεήτας, κατὰ δὲ τὸν κατὰ Κροῖσον χρόνον καὶ τὴν Ἀναξανδρίδεώ τε καὶ Ἀρίστωνος βασιληίην ἐν Λακεδαίμονι ἤδη οἱ Σπαρτιῆται κατυπέρτεροι τῷ πολέμῳ ἐγεγόνεσαν, τρόπῳ τοιῷδε γενόμενοι.
During the former war, indeed, they continually fared badly in the contest against the Tegeans, but in the time of Croesus and during the reign of Anaxandrides and Ariston in Lacedaemon, the Spartans had already become superior in the war, having become so in the following manner.
§1.67.2ἐπειδὴ αἰεὶ τῷ πολέμῳ ἑσσοῦντο ὑπὸ Τεγεητέων, πέμψαντες θεοπρόπους ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐπειρώτων τίνα ἂν θεῶν ἱλασάμενοι κατύπερθε τῷ πολέμῳ Τεγεητέων γενοίατο.
When they were continually being defeated in the war by the Tegeans, they sent messengers to Delphi and inquired which of the gods they should appease in order to become superior to the Tegeans in the war.
ἡ δὲ Πυθίη σφι ἔχρησε τὰ Ὀρέστεω τοῦ Ἀγαμέμνονος ὀστέα ἐπαγαγομένους.
And the Pythia declared to them that they must bring home the bones of Orestes, the son of Agamemnon.
§1.67.3ὡς δὲ ἀνευρεῖν οὐκ οἷοί τε ἐγίνοντο τὴν θήκην τοῦ Ὀρέστεω ἔπεμπον αὖτις τὴν ἐς θεὸν ἐπειρησομένους τὸν χῶρον ἐν τῷ κέοιτο Ὀρέστης. εἰρωτῶσι δὲ ταῦτα τοῖσι θεοπρόποισι λέγει ἡ Πυθίη τάδε.
But when they were not able to find the tomb of Orestes, they sent again an embassy to the god to ask the place in which Orestes lay.
§1.67.4" ἔστι τις Ἀρκαδίης Τεγέη λευρῷ ἐνὶ χώρῳ, ἔνθʼ ἄνεμοι πνείουσι δύω κρατερῆς ὑπʼ ἀνάγκης, καὶ τύπος ἀντίτυπος, καὶ πῆμʼ ἐπὶ πήματι κεῖται.
To the messengers asking these things, the Pythia said the following: "There is a certain Tegea of Arcadia in a smooth place, where two winds blow under strong necessity, and stroke is against stroke, and woe lies upon woe.
ἔνθʼ Ἀγαμεμνονίδην κατέχει φυσίζοος αἶα, τὸν σὺ κομισσάμενος Τεγέης ἐπιτάρροθος ἔσσῃ. "
There the life-giving earth holds the son of Agamemnon; when you bring him home, you will be the master of Tegea.
§1.67.5ὡς δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ἤκουσαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ἀπεῖχον τῆς ἐξευρέσιος οὐδὲν ἔλασσον, πάντα διζήμενοι, ἐς οὗ δὴ Λίχης τῶν ἀγαθοεργῶν καλεομένων Σπαρτιητέων ἀνεῦρε, οἱ δὲ ἀγαθοεργοὶ εἰσὶ τῶν ἀστῶν, ἐξιόντες ἐκ τῶν ἱππέων αἰεὶ οἱ πρεσβύτατοι, πέντε ἔτεος ἑκάστου·
"When the Lacedaemonians heard this too, they were no closer to finding it, though they searched everywhere, until Lichas, one of the Spartans called "agathoergoi," found it.
τοὺς δεῖ τοῦτὸν τὸν ἐνιαυτόν, τὸν ἂν ἐξίωσι ἐκ τῶν ἱππέων, Σπαρτιητέων τῷ κοινῷ διαπεμπομένους μὴ ἐλινύειν ἄλλους ἄλλῃ.
Now, the "agathoergoi" are those of the citizens, the eldest who retire from the knights each year, five in number; whom it behoves during this year, the one in which they retire from the knights, being sent in different directions by the state of the Spartans, not to be idle, but to perform services in various ways.

Notes

  1. 1.67.2ἐπαγαγομένους — The verb `ἔχρησε` (gave an oracle), which typically governs an accusative and infinitive construction, here appears with the accusative plural middle participle `ἐπαγαγομένους` (bringing home for themselves) agreeing with the omitted subject of an implied infinitive (such as `ἐπαγαγέσθαι`).
  2. 1.67.3τὴν ἐς θεὸν — The feminine singular accusative article `τὴν` is used with the ellipsis of the noun `ὁδόν` (way, journey), functioning as the object of `ἔπεμπον` (they sent). This is an idiomatic expression meaning "they sent an embassy again on the way to the god."
  3. 1.67.5τὸν ἂν ἐξίωσι — In the relative clause modifying the antecedent `ἐνιαυτόν` (year), the subjunctive `ἐξίωσι` (they retire) is accompanied by the particle `ἄν`, forming a general temporal relative clause representing a recurring yearly event ("in whichever year they retire").
  4. 1.67.5ἄλλους ἄλλῃ — The juxtaposition of the plural accusative pronoun `ἄλλους` (others) and the adverb `ἄλλῃ` (in another way/place) expresses a distributive relation, meaning "some in one way/place, others in another." It modifies the infinitive `μὴ ἐλινύειν` (not to be idle), emphasizing that each of them should be active in their respective duties.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §1.67.1-1.67.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.67.1-1.67.5

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