Humanitext Reader

Herodotus · Histories §1.191.1-1.191.6

Cyrus Diverting the Euphrates and Capturing Babylon

Passage 191 of 1577 · Greek

Summary

Cyrus partitioned his army and diverted the Euphrates into a lake to lower its water level. The Persian troops waded through the shallow riverbed and captured Babylon by surprise while the citizens were celebrating a festival.

§1.191.1εἴτε δὴ ὦν ἄλλος οἱ ἀπορέοντι ὑπεθήκατο, εἴτε καὶ αὐτὸς ἔμαθε τὸ ποιητέον οἱ ἦν, ἐποίεε δὴ τοιόνδε.
Whether, then, someone else suggested it to him in his difficulty, or he himself perceived what he had to do, Cyrus did as follows.
§1.191.2τάξας τὴν στρατιὴν ἅπασαν ἐξ ἐμβολῆς τοῦ ποταμοῦ, τῇ ἐς τὴν πόλιν ἐσβάλλει, καὶ ὄπισθε αὖτις τῆς πόλιος τάξας ἑτέρους, τῇ ἐξιεῖ ἐκ τῆς πόλιος ὁ ποταμός, προεῖπε τῷ στρατῷ, ὅταν διαβατὸν τὸ ῥέεθρον ἴδωνται γενόμενον, ἐσιέναι ταύτῃ ἐς τὴν πόλιν.
Having stationed all his army at the inflow of the river where it enters the city, and again having stationed others behind the city where the river issues from the city, he ordered the army to enter the city by this way whenever they should see the stream become fordable.
οὕτω τε δὴ τάξας καὶ κατὰ ταῦτα παραινέσας ἀπήλαυνε αὐτὸς σὺν τῷ ἀχρηίῳ τοῦ στρατοῦ.
Having stationed them thus and given these instructions, he himself marched away with the non-combatant part of his army.
§1.191.3ἀπικόμενος δὲ ἐπὶ τὴν λίμνην, τά περ ἡ τῶν Βαβυλωνίων βασίλεια ἐποίησε κατά τε τὸν ποταμὸν καὶ κατὰ τὴν λίμνην, ἐποίεε καὶ ὁ Κῦρος ἕτερα τοιαῦτα· τὸν γὰρ ποταμὸν διώρυχι ἐσαγαγὼν ἐς τὴν λίμνην ἐοῦσαν ἕλος, τὸ ἀρχαῖον ῥέεθρον διαβατὸν εἶναι ἐποίησε, ὑπονοστήσαντος τοῦ ποταμοῦ.
Arriving at the lake, Cyrus did other such things as the queen of the Babylonians had done with respect to both the river and the lake; for by leading the river through a canal into the lake, which was a marsh, he made the ancient channel fordable as the river subsided.
§1.191.4γενομένου δὲ τούτου τοιούτου, οἱ Πέρσαι οἵ περ ἐτετάχατο ἐπʼ αὐτῷ τούτῳ κατὰ τὸ ῥέεθρον τοῦ Εὐφρήτεω ποταμοῦ ὑπονενοστηκότος ἀνδρὶ ὡς ἐς μέσον μηρὸν μάλιστά κῃ, κατὰ τοῦτο ἐσήισαν ἐς τὴν Βαβυλῶνα.
When this had been thus accomplished, the Persians who had been stationed for this very purpose along the channel of the river Euphrates, which had subsided to about the height of the middle of a man's thigh, entered Babylon by this path.
§1.191.5εἰ μέν νυν προεπύθοντο ἢ ἔμαθον οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Κύρου ποιεύμενον, οἳ δʼ ἂν περιιδόντες τοὺς Πέρσας ἐσελθεῖν ἐς τὴν πόλιν διέφθειραν ἂν κάκιστα· κατακληίσαντες γὰρ ἂν πάσας τὰς ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν πυλίδας ἐχούσας καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐπὶ τὰς αἱμασιὰς ἀναβάντες τὰς παρὰ τὰ χείλεα τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐληλαμένας, ἔλαβον ἂν σφέας ὡς ἐν κύρτῃ.
Now if the Babylonians had beforehand known or learned what was being done by Cyrus, they would not have allowed the Persians to enter the city but would have destroyed them utterly; for by shutting all the small gates leading down to the river and themselves mounting the walls built along the banks of the river, they would have caught them as in a fish-trap.
§1.191.6νῦν δὲ ἐξ ἀπροσδοκήτου σφι παρέστησαν οἱ Πέρσαι.
But as it was, the Persians came upon them unexpectedly.
ὑπὸ δὲ μεγάθεος τῆς πόλιος, ὡς λέγεται ὑπὸ τῶν ταύτῃ οἰκημένων, τῶν περὶ τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς πόλιος ἑαλωκότων τοὺς τὸ μέσον οἰκέοντας τῶν Βαβυλωνίων οὐ μανθάνειν ἑαλωκότας, ἀλλὰ τυχεῖν γάρ σφι ἐοῦσαν ὁρτήν, χορεύειν τε τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον καὶ ἐν εὐπαθείῃσι εἶναι, ἐς ὃ δὴ καὶ τὸ κάρτα ἐπύθοντο.
And by reason of the great size of the city, as is said by those who dwell there, when those at the extremities of the city had been captured, the Babylonians who dwelt in the middle did not learn that they had been captured, but (for it happened that they were keeping a festival) they were dancing at this time and enjoying themselves, until indeed they learned it only too well.

Notes

  1. 1.191.1ἀπορέοντι — A present participle agreeing with the dative third-person pronoun οἱ (equivalent to Attic αὐτῷ). It expresses circumstance ('when he was in difficulty').
  2. 1.191.2ὅταν διαβατὸν τὸ ῥέεθρον ἴδωνται γενόμενον — A temporal clause with the subjunctive ἴδωνται (aorist middle of ὁράω). γενόμενον is a supplementary participle with ἴδωνται, taking the predicate adjective διαβατόν ('fordable'), expressing a future contingent condition ('whenever they should see the stream become fordable').
  3. 1.191.5οἳ δʼ ἂν περιιδόντες τοὺς Πέρσας ἐσελθεῖν ἐς τὴν πόλιν διέφθειραν ἂν — A past contrary-to-fact apodosis, corresponding to the preceding protasis (εἰ ... προεπύθοντο ἢ ἔμαθον). The subject οἳ δέ functions as a demonstrative pronoun referring to the Babylonians. The particle ἄν is repeated before and after the verb διέφθειραν for emphasis. The participle περιιδόντες (from περιοράω, 'to overlook' or 'allow') takes the infinitive ἐσελθεῖν, meaning 'having allowed them to enter'.
  4. 1.191.6οὐ μανθάνειν ἑαλωκότας — An accusative and infinitive construction (with μανθάνειν) continuing as indirect discourse, introduced by ὡς λέγεται ('as it is said'). The participle ἑαλωκότας (perfect participle of ἁλίσκομαι, 'to be captured', accusative plural) is a supplementary participle after the verb of learning μανθάνειν, meaning 'they did not learn that they had been captured'.
  5. 1.191.6τυχεῖν γάρ σφι ἐοῦσαν ὁρτήν — A parenthetical clause introduced by γάρ ('for'), which nevertheless adopts the infinitive τυχεῖν to match the ongoing indirect discourse. The verb τυγχάνω takes a supplementary participle to mean 'happen to be'; here it takes the Ionic participle ἐοῦσαν (Attic οὖσαν), meaning 'it happened that there was a festival for them'.

Cite this passage

Herodotus, Histories §1.191.1-1.191.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.191.1-1.191.6

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.