§6#2τούτου δ’ ἕνεκα ταῦτα προεῖπον, ὅτι τὸ πρῶτον ἐπιφερόμενον ἓν τῶν τεθρυλημένων ἐστίν.
I have said these things beforehand for this reason, because the first point to be introduced is one of those that are commonplace.
εἴθισμαι γὰρ λέγειν πρὸς τοὺς περὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν τὴν ἡμετέραν διατρίβοντας ὅτι τοῦτο πρῶτον δεῖ σκέψασθαι, τί τῷ λόγῳ καὶ τοῖς τοῦ λόγου μέρεσι διαπρακτέον ἐστίν· ἐπειδὰν δὲ τοῦθ’ εὕρωμεν καὶ διακριβωσώμεθα, ζητητέον εἶναί φημι τὰς ἰδέας δι’ ὧν ταῦτ’ ἐξεργασθήσεται καὶ λήψεται τέλος ὅπερ ὑπεθέμεθα.
For I am accustomed to say to those who spend their time in our philosophy that this must be considered first, what is to be accomplished by the discourse and by the parts of the discourse; and when we have found this and defined it precisely, I say that we must seek the forms through which these results will be worked out and achieve the end which we proposed.
καὶ ταῦτα φράζω μὲν ἐπὶ τῶν λόγων, ἔστι δὲ τοῦτο στοιχεῖον καὶ κατὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων καὶ κατὰ τῶν ὑμετέρων πραγμάτων.
And although I say these things in reference to discourses, this is a basic element also for all other things and for your affairs.
οὐδὲν γὰρ οἷόν τ’ ἐστὶ πραχθῆναι νοῦν ἐχόντως, ἂν μὴ τοῦτο πρῶτον μετὰ πολλῆς προνοίας λογίσησθε καὶ βουλεύσησθε, πῶς χρὴ τὸν ἐπίλοιπον χρόνον ὑμῶν αὐτῶν προστῆναι καὶ τίνα βίον προελέσθαι καὶ ποίας δόξης ὀριγνηθῆναι καὶ ποτέρας τῶν τιμῶν ἀγαπῆσαι, τὰς παρ’ ἑκόντων γιγνομένας ἢ τὰς παρ’ ἀκόντων τῶν πολιτῶν·
For nothing can be done in a rational manner unless you first, with much foresight, calculate and deliberate on this: how you ought to conduct yourselves for the remaining time, what kind of life you should choose, what sort of reputation you should strive for, and which of the two honors you should love, those that come from willing citizens or those from unwilling ones.
ταῦτα δὲ διορισαμένους τότ’ ἤδη τὰς πράξεις τὰς καθ’ ἑκάστην τὴν ἡμέραν σκεπτέον, ὅπως συντενοῦσι πρὸς τὰς ὑποθέσεις τὰς ἐξ ἀρχῆς γενομένας.
Having determined these things, only then must you examine your daily actions, to see how they will contribute toward the plans made from the beginning.
καὶ τοῦτον μὲν τὸν τρόπον ζητοῦντες καὶ φιλοσοφοῦντες ὥσπερ σκοποῦ κειμένου στοχάσεσθε τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ μᾶλλον ἐπιτεύξεσθε τοῦ συμφέροντος·
And if you seek and study in this way, you will aim with your soul as if a target were set before you, and you will be more likely to hit upon what is advantageous.
ἂν δὲ μηδεμίαν ποιήσησθε τοιαύτην ὑπόθεσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ προσπῖπτον ἐπιχειρῆτε πράττειν, ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν ὑμᾶς ταῖς διανοίαις πλανᾶσθαι καὶ πολλῶν διαμαρτάνειν πραγμάτων.
But if you make no such plan, and attempt to do whatever happens to present itself, you must of necessity wander in your thoughts and fail in many of your undertakings.
ἴσως ἂν οὖν τις τῶν εἰκῇ ζῆν προῃρημένων τοὺς μὲν τοιούτους λογισμοὺς διασύρειν ἐπιχειρήσειεν, ἀξιώσειε δ’ ἂν ἤδη με συμβουλεύειν περὶ τῶν προειρημένων.
Perhaps, then, one of those who have chosen to live at random might attempt to ridicule such calculations, and might demand that I should now advise you about the matters mentioned before.
ἔστιν οὖν οὐκ ὀκνητέον ἀποφήνασθαι περὶ αὐτῶν ἃ τυγχάνω γιγνώσκων.
I must not, therefore, hesitate to declare my thoughts on these things.
ἐμοὶ γὰρ αἱρετώτερος ὁ βίος εἶναι δοκεῖ καὶ βελτίων ὁ τῶν ἰδιωτευόντων ἢ τῶν τυραννούντων, καὶ τὰς τιμὰς ἡδίους ἡγοῦμαι τὰς ἐν ταῖς πολιτείαις ἢ τὰς ἐν ταῖς μοναρχίαις· καὶ περὶ τούτων λέγειν ἐπιχειρήσω.
For to me, the life of private citizens seems more desirable and better than that of tyrants, and I consider the honors in free states more pleasant than those in monarchies; and I will attempt to speak about these things.
καίτοι μ’ οὐ λέληθεν ὅτι πολλοὺς ἕξω τοὺς ἐναντιουμένους, καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς περὶ ὑμᾶς ὄντας.
And yet, it does not escape me that I shall have many opponents, especially those who are around you.
οἶμαι γὰρ οὐχ ἥκιστα τούτους ἐπὶ τὴν τυραννίδα παροξύνειν ὑμᾶς· σκοποῦσι γὰρ οὐ πανταχῇ τὴν φύσιν τοῦ πράγματος, ἀλλὰ πολλὰ παραλογίζονται σφᾶς αὐτούς.
For I think that these men in particular urge you to tyranny; for they do not look at the nature of the matter from every side, but deceive themselves in many ways.
τὰς μὲν γὰρ ἐξουσίας καὶ τὰ κέρδη καὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς ὁρῶσι καὶ τούτων ἀπολαύσεσθαι προσδοκῶσι, τὰς δὲ ταραχὰς καὶ τοὺς φόβους καὶ τὰς συμφορὰς τὰς τοῖς ἄρχουσι συμπιπτούσας καὶ τοῖς φίλοις αὐτῶν οὐ θεωροῦσιν, ἀλλὰ πεπόνθασιν ὅπερ οἱ τοῖς αἰσχίστοις καὶ παρανομωτάτοις τῶν ἔργων ἐπιχειροῦντες.
For they see the powers, the gains, and the pleasures, and expect to enjoy them, but they do not consider the disturbances, the fears, and the disasters that befall rulers and their friends, but they have experienced what those who attempt the most shameful and unlawful deeds experience.
καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι τὰς μὲν πονηρίας τὰς τῶν πραγμάτων οὐκ ἀγνοοῦσιν, ἐλπίζουσι δ’ ὅσον μὲν ἀγαθόν ἐστιν ἐν αὐτοῖς, τοῦτο μὲν ἐκλήψεσθαι, τὰ δὲ δεινὰ πάντα τὰ προσόντα τῷ πράγματι καὶ τὰ κακὰ διαφεύξεσθαι, καὶ διοικήσειν τὰ περὶ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς οὕτως, ὥστε τῶν μὲν κινδύνων εἶναι πόρρω, τῶν δ’ ὠφελειῶν ἐγγύς.
For even those men are not ignorant of the wickedness of their actions, but they hope that whatever is good in them they will obtain, while they will escape all the dangers and the evils associated with the matter, and that they will manage their own affairs in such a way as to be far from the dangers but near to the benefits.
τοὺς μὲν οὖν ταύτην ἔχοντας τὴν διάνοιαν ζηλῶ τῆς ῥᾳθυμίας, αὐτὸς δ’ αἰσχυνθείην ἄν, εἰ συμβουλεύων ἑτέροις ἐκείνων ἀμελήσας τὸ ἐμαυτῷ συμφέρον ποιοίην καὶ μὴ παντάπασιν ἔξω θεὶς ἐμαυτὸν καὶ τῶν ὠφελειῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων τὰ βέλτιστα παραινοίην.
Those, then, who have this mind I envy for their easy-going attitude, but I myself should be ashamed if, while advising others, I should neglect their interests and pursue my own, and if I did not, putting myself entirely aside from benefits and all other things, recommend the best course.
ὡς οὖν ἐμοῦ ταύτην ἔχοντος τὴν γνώμην, οὕτω μοι προσέχετε τὸν νοῦν.
Since, therefore, I hold this opinion, so give me your attention.