§39τὴν δὴ τοιαύτην, ὥσπερ εἶπον, κυρίαν ἐποίησαν τῆς εὐταξίας ἐπιμελεῖσθαι, ἣ τοὺς μὲν οἰομένους ἐνταῦθα βελτίστους ἄνδρας γίγνεσθαι, παρʼ οἷς οἱ νόμοι μετὰ πλείστης ἀκριβείας κείμενοι τυγχάνουσιν, ἀγνοεῖν ἐνόμιζεν·
So they made this council, as I said, sovereign to supervise good order; this council regarded as ignorant those who believe that the best men are produced in those states where the laws are enacted with the greatest precision.
οὐδὲν γὰρ ἂν κωλύειν ὁμοίους ἅπαντας εἶναι τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἕνεκά γε τοῦ ῥᾴδιον εἶναι τὰ γράμματα λαβεῖν παρʼ ἀλλήλων.
For, it thought, nothing would prevent all Greeks from being entirely alike, at least as far as it is easy to obtain written laws from one another.
§40ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐκ ἐκ τούτων τὴν ἐπίδοσιν εἶναι τῆς ἀρετῆς, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τῶν καθʼ ἑκάστην τὴν ἡμέραν ἐπιτηδευμάτων· τοὺς γὰρ πολλοὺς ὁμοίους τοῖς ἤθεσιν ἀποβαίνειν, ἐν οἷς ἂν ἕκαστοι παιδευθῶσιν.
But indeed, the increase of virtue does not come from these written laws, but from daily habits; for the majority of people turn out to have characters similar to the environment in which they have been educated.
ἔπειτα τά γε πλήθη καὶ τὰς ἀκριβείας τῶν νόμων σημεῖον εἶναι τοῦ κακῶς οἰκεῖσθαι τὴν πόλιν ταύτην· ἐμφράγματα γὰρ αὐτοὺς ποιουμένους τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων πολλοὺς τίθεσθαι τοὺς νόμους ἀναγκάζεσθαι.
Furthermore, the very multitude and precision of laws is a sign of a badly governed city; for in making barriers against offences, they are forced to enact many laws.
§41δεῖν δὲ τοὺς ὀρθῶς πολιτευομένους οὐ τὰς στοὰς ἐμπιπλάναι γραμμάτων, ἀλλʼ ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἔχειν τὸ δίκαιον· οὐ γὰρ τοῖς ψηφίσμασιν ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἤθεσι καλῶς οἰκεῖσθαι τὰς πόλεις, καὶ τοὺς μὲν κακῶς τεθραμμένους καὶ τοὺς ἀκριβῶς τῶν νόμων ἀναγεγραμμένους τολμήσειν παραβαίνειν, τοὺς δὲ καλῶς πεπαιδευμένους καὶ τοῖς ἁπλῶς κειμένοις ἐθελήσειν ἐμμένειν.
Those who govern correctly, therefore, ought not to fill the porticoes with written laws, but to have justice in their souls; for cities are well governed not by decrees but by character, and those who have been badly reared will dare to transgress even laws that are precisely written down, while those who have been well educated will be willing to abide even by those that are simply laid down.
§42ταῦτα διανοηθέντες οὐ τοῦτο πρῶτον ἐσκόπουν, διʼ ὧν κολάσουσι τοὺς ἀκοσμοῦντας, ἀλλʼ ἐξ ὧν παρασκευάσουσι μηδὲν αὐτοὺς ἄξιον ζημίας ἐξαμαρτάνειν· ἡγοῦντο γὰρ τοῦτο μὲν αὑτῶν ἔργον εἶναι, τὸ δὲ περὶ τὰς τιμωρίας σπουδάζειν τοῖς ἐχθροῖς προσήκειν.
Having this in mind, they did not consider first of all by what means they should punish the disorderly, but by what means they should prepare them so that they would commit no offence deserving of punishment; for they believed that this was their own duty, while being zealous about punishments was proper for enemies.
§43ἁπάντων μὲν οὖν ἐφρόντιζον τῶν πολιτῶν, μάλιστα δὲ τῶν νεωτέρων.
They cared, then, for all the citizens, but especially for the younger ones.
ἑώρων γὰρ τοὺς τηλικούτους ταραχωδέστατα διακειμένους καὶ πλείστων γέμοντας ἐπιθυμιῶν, καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν μάλιστα δαμασθῆναι δεομένας ἐπιμελείαις καλῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων καὶ πόνοις ἡδονὰς ἔχουσιν· ἐν μόνοις γὰρ ἂν τούτοις ἐμμεῖναι τοὺς ἐλευθέρως τεθραμμένους καὶ μεγαλοφρονεῖν εἰθισμένους.
For they saw that those of such an age are most turbulent and full of the greatest desires, and that their souls stand in greatest need of being tamed by care for noble pursuits and by labors that contain pleasures; for only in these would those who have been reared as free men and accustomed to high-mindedness remain.
§44ἅπαντας μὲν οὖν ἐπὶ τὰς αὐτὰς ἄγειν διατριβὰς οὐχ οἷόν τʼ ἦν, ἀνωμάλως τὰ περὶ τὸν βίον ἔχοντας· ὡς δὲ πρὸς τὴν οὐσίαν ἥρμοττεν, οὕτως ἑκάστοις προσέταττον.
It was not possible, then, to lead all to the same occupations, since their means of livelihood were unequal; so they assigned to each what was fitting to their property.
τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ὑποδεέστερον πράττοντας ἐπὶ τὰς γεωργίας καὶ τὰς ἐμπορίας ἔτρεπον, εἰδότες τὰς ἀπορίας μὲν διὰ τὰς ἀργίας γιγνομένας,
For they turned those who were worse off to agriculture and trade, knowing that destitution arises from idleness, and wrong-doing from destitution.
§45τὰς δὲ κακουργίας διὰ τὰς ἀπορίας· ἀπορίας· ἀναιροῦντες οὖν τὴν ἀρχὴν τῶν κακῶν ἀπαλλάξειν ᾤοντο καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁμαρτημάτων τῶν μετʼ ἐκείνην γιγνομένων.
Removing, therefore, the origin of evils, they thought they would also rid them of the other offences that occur after it.
τοὺς δὲ βίον ἱκανὸν κεκτημένους περὶ τὴν ἱππικὴν καὶ τὰ γυμνάσια καὶ τὰ κυνηγέσια καὶ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἠνάγκασαν διατρίβειν, ὁρῶντες ἐκ τούτων τοὺς μὲν διαφέροντας γιγνομένους, τοὺς δὲ τῶν πλείστων κακῶν ἀπεχομένους.
On the other hand, they compelled those who possessed sufficient means to spend their time on horsemanship, gymnastics, hunting, and philosophy, seeing that from these some become outstanding, while others abstain from most vices.
§46καὶ ταῦτα νομοθετήσαντες οὐδὲ τὸν λοιπὸν χρόνον ὠλιγώρουν, ἀλλὰ διελόμενοι τὴν μὲν πόλιν κατὰ κώμας τὴν δὲ χώραν κατὰ δήμους ἐθεώρουν τὸν βίον τὸν ἑκάστου, καὶ τοὺς ἀκοσμοῦντας ἀνῆγον εἰς τὴν βουλήν.
And having enacted these laws, they did not neglect the remaining time, but dividing the city by quarters and the country by districts, they watched the life of each individual, and brought the disorderly before the council.
ἡ δὲ τοὺς μὲν ἐνουθέτει, τοῖς δʼ ἠπείλει, τοὺς δʼ ὡς προσῆκεν ἐκόλαζεν. ἠπίσταντο γὰρ ὅτι δύο τρόποι τυγχάνουσιν ὄντες οἱ καὶ προτρέποντες ἐπὶ τὰς ἀδικίας καὶ παύοντες τῶν πονηριῶν·
This body admonished some, threatened others, and punished others as was fitting.
§47παρʼ οἷς μὲν γὰρ μήτε φυλακὴ μηδεμία τῶν τοιούτων καθέστηκε μήθʼ αἱ κρίσεις ἀκριβεῖς εἰσι, παρὰ τούτοις μὲν διαφθείρεσθαι καὶ τὰς ἐπιεικεῖς τῶν φύσεων, ὅπου δὲ μήτε λαθεῖν τοῖς ἀδικοῦσι ῥᾴδιόν ἐστι μήτε φανεροῖς γενομένοις συγγνώμης τυχεῖν, ἐνταῦθα δʼ ἐξιτήλους γίγνεσθαι τὰς κακοηθείας.
For they knew that there are two ways that both incite to injustice and put an end to wicked deeds: for among those where no such vigilance is established and trials are not precise, even virtuous natures are corrupted; but where it is not easy for wrong-doers to escape notice, nor to obtain pardon when they are discovered, there bad habits disappear.
ἅπερ ἐκεῖνοι γιγνώσκοντες ἀμφοτέροις κατεῖχον τοὺς πολίτας, καὶ ταῖς τιμωρίαις καὶ ταῖς ἐπιμελείαις· τοσούτου γὰρ ἔδεον αὐτοὺς λανθάνειν οἱ κακόν τι δεδρακότες, ὥστε καὶ τοὺς ἐπιδόξους ἁμαρτήσεσθαί τι προῃσθάνοντο.
Knowing this, they restrained the citizens by both means, by punishments and by supervisions; for so far were they from allowing those who had done some evil to escape notice, that they even perceived beforehand those who were likely to commit an offence.
§48τοιγαροῦν οὐκ ἐν τοῖς σκιραφείοις οἱ νεώτεροι διέτριβον, οὐδʼ ἐν ταῖς αὐλητρίσιν, οὐδʼ ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις συλλόγοις ἐν οἷς νῦν διημερεύουσιν· ἀλλʼ ἐν τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν ἔμενον ἐν οἷς ἐτάχθησαν, θαυμάζοντες καὶ ζηλοῦντες τοὺς ἐν τούτοις πρωτεύοντας.
Consequently, the younger men did not spend their time in gambling dens, nor among flute-girls, nor in such gatherings as those in which they now pass their days; but they remained in the occupations to which they had been appointed, admiring and emulating those who excelled in them.
οὕτω δʼ ἔφευγον τὴν ἀγοράν, ὥστʼ εἰ καί ποτε διελθεῖν ἀναγκασθεῖεν, μετὰ πολλῆς αἰδοῦς καὶ σωφροσύνης ἐφαίνοντο τοῦτο ποιοῦντες.
And they so avoided the marketplace that even if they were ever forced to pass through it, they appeared to do this with great modesty and temperance.