§1εἰσί τινες οἳ δυσκόλως ἔχουσι πρὸς τοὺς λόγους καὶ διαμέμφονται τοὺς φιλοσοφοῦντας, καί φασιν αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἀρετῆς ἀλλὰ πλεονεξίας ἕνεκα ποιεῖσθαι τὰς τοιαύτας διατριβάς.
There are some who are hostile to discourse and find fault with those who study philosophy, claiming that they engage in such pursuits not for the sake of virtue but for personal gain.
ἡδέως ἂν οὖν πυθοίμην τῶν οὕτω διακειμένων, διὰ τί τοὺς μὲν εὖ λέγειν ἐπιθυμοῦντας ψέγουσι, τοὺς δʼ ὀρθῶς πράττειν βουλομένους ἐπαινοῦσιν· εἰ γὰρ αἱ πλεονεξίαι λυποῦσιν αὐτούς, πλείους καὶ μείζους ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἢ τῶν λόγων εὑρήσομεν γιγνομένας.
I would therefore gladly ask those who are so disposed why they censure those who desire to speak well, while praising those who wish to act rightly; for if it is personal gain that displeases them, we shall find more and greater instances of it arising from deeds than from words.
§2ἔπειτα κἀκεῖνʼ ἄτοπον εἰ λέληθεν αὐτούς, ὅτι τὰ περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσεβοῦμεν καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην ἀσκοῦμεν καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς ἐπιτηδεύομεν οὐχ ἵνα τῶν ἄλλων ἔλαττον ἔχωμεν, ἀλλʼ ὅπως ἂν ὡς μετὰ πλείστων ἀγαθῶν τὸν βίον διάγωμεν.
Furthermore, it is also absurd if they fail to notice that we revere the gods, practice justice, and cultivate the other virtues, not so that we may have less than others, but so that we may pass our lives with as many goods as possible.
ὥστʼ οὐ κατηγορητέον τῶν πραγμάτων τούτων ἐστί, διʼ ὧν ἄν τις μετʼ ἀρετῆς πλεονεκτήσειεν, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων τῶν περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἐξαμαρτανόντων ἢ τοῖς λόγοις ἐξαπατώντων καὶ μὴ δικαίως χρωμένων αὐτοῖς.
Consequently, we should not accuse those activities through which one might gain advantage in company with virtue, but rather those men who err in their actions or deceive with words, and do not use them justly.
§3θαυμάζω δὲ τῶν ταύτην τὴν γνώμην ἐχόντων, ὅπως οὐ καὶ τὸν πλοῦτον καὶ τὴν ῥώμην καὶ τὴν ἀνδρίαν κακῶς λέγουσιν.
And I wonder at those who hold this opinion, how it is that they do not also speak ill of wealth, strength, and courage.
εἴπερ γὰρ διὰ τοὺς ἐξαμαρτάνοντας καὶ τοὺς ψευδομένους πρὸς τοὺς λόγους χαλεπῶς ἔχουσι, προσήκει καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀγαθοῖς αὐτοὺς ἐπιτιμᾶν· φανήσονται γάρ τινες καὶ τῶν ταῦτα κεκτημένων ἐξαμαρτάνοντες καὶ πολλοὺς διὰ τούτων κακῶς ποιοῦντες.
For if they are hostile to discourse because of those who err and tell lies, they ought to find fault with the other goods as well; since it will be apparent that some of those who possess these goods also err and do harm to many by means of them.
§4ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐ δίκαιον, οὔτʼ εἴ τινες τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας τύπτουσι, τῆς ῥώμης κατηγορεῖν, οὔτε διὰ τοὺς ἀποκτείνοντας οὓς οὐ δεῖ τὴν ἀνδρίαν λοιδορεῖν, οὔθʼ ὅλως τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων πονηρίαν ἐπὶ τὰ πράγματα μεταφέρειν, ἀλλʼ αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους ψέγειν, ὅσοι τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς κακῶς χρῶνται καὶ τοῖς ὠφελεῖν δυναμένοις, τούτοις βλάπτειν τοὺς συμπολιτευομένους ἐπιχειροῦσι.
But indeed, it is not just to accuse strength because some people strike those they meet, nor to rail at courage because of those who kill whom they should not, nor in general to transfer the weakness of men to the things themselves, but rather to blame those individuals themselves who make bad use of good things, and who, with things capable of helping, attempt to harm their fellow citizens.
§5νῦν δʼ ἀμελήσαντες τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον περὶ ἑκάστου διορίζεσθαι πρὸς ἅπαντας τοὺς λόγους δυσκόλως διάκεινται, καὶ τοσοῦτον διημαρτήκασιν ὥστʼ οὐκ αἴσθονται τοιούτῳ πράγματι δυσμενῶς ἔχοντες, ὃ πάντων τῶν ἐνόντων ἐν τῇ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φύσει πλείστων ἀγαθῶν αἴτιόν ἐστι.
But now, neglecting to make this kind of distinction in each case, they are hostile toward all discourse, and have erred so greatly that they do not perceive that they are ill-disposed toward a thing which is the cause of the greatest goods among all those inherent in human nature.
τοῖς μὲν γὰρ ἄλλοις οἷς ἔχομεν οὐδὲν τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων διαφέρομεν, ἀλλὰ πολλῶν καὶ τῷ τάχει καὶ τῇ ῥώμῃ καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις εὐπορίαις καταδεέστεροι τυγχάνομεν ὄντες·
For in the other respects we possess, we do not differ at all from the other animals, but in fact we happen to be inferior to many of them in speed, strength, and other resources.
§6ἐγγενομένου δʼ ἡμῖν τοῦ πείθειν ἀλλήλους καὶ δηλοῦν πρὸς ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς περὶ ὧν ἂν βουληθῶμεν, οὐ μόνον τοῦ θηριωδῶς ζῆν ἀπηλλάγημεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ συνελθόντες πόλεις ᾠκίσαμεν καὶ νόμους ἐθέμεθα καὶ τέχνας εὕρομεν, καὶ σχεδὸν ἅπαντα τὰ διʼ ἡμῶν μεμηχανημένα λόγος ἡμῖν ἐστιν ὁ συγκατασκευάσας.
But because there has been implanted in us the power to persuade one another and to make clear to ourselves whatever we wish, we have not only been delivered from living like wild beasts, but we have also come together, founded cities, established laws, and discovered arts; and almost all things devised by us have been co-created by discourse.
§7οὗτος γὰρ περὶ τῶν δικαίων καὶ τῶν ἀδίκων καὶ τῶν αἰσχρῶν καὶ τῶν καλῶν ἐνομοθέτησεν· ὧν μὴ διαταχθέντων οὐκ ἂν οἷοί τʼ ἦμεν οἰκεῖν μετʼ ἀλλήλων.
For this is what laid down laws concerning the just and the unjust, the honorable and the base; without which ordinances we would not be able to dwell with one another.
τούτῳ καὶ τοὺς κακοὺς ἐξελέγχομεν καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἐγκωμιάζομεν.
By this we refute the wicked and praise the good.
διὰ τούτου τούς τʼ ἀνοήτους παιδεύομεν καὶ τοὺς φρονίμους δοκιμάζομεν· τὸ γὰρ λέγειν ὡς δεῖ τοῦ φρονεῖν εὖ μέγιστον σημεῖον ποιούμεθα, καὶ λόγος ἀληθὴς καὶ νόμιμος καὶ δίκαιος ψυχῆς ἀγαθῆς καὶ πιστῆς εἴδωλόν ἐστιν.
Through this we educate the foolish and test the wise; for we make speaking as one ought the greatest sign of thinking well, and a true, lawful, and just discourse is the image of a good and faithful soul.
§8μετὰ τούτου καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητησίμων ἀγωνιζόμεθα καὶ περὶ τῶν ἀγνοουμένων σκοπούμεθα· ταῖς γὰρ πίστεσιν αἷς τοὺς ἄλλους λέγοντες πείθομεν, ταῖς αὐταῖς ταύταις βουλευόμενοι χρώμεθα, καὶ ῥητορικοὺς μὲν καλοῦμεν τοὺς ἐν τῷ πλήθει δυναμένους λέγειν, εὐβούλους δὲ νομίζομεν οἵτινες ἂν αὐτοὶ πρὸς αὑτοὺς ἄριστα περὶ τῶν πραγμάτων διαλεχθῶσιν.
With this we also contend about disputable matters and inquire into things unknown; for the very same proofs by which we persuade others when we speak, we also use when we deliberate, and we call those who are able to speak before the multitude rhetorical, while we regard as wise those who can best discuss matters within themselves.