§16ἅπαντας δὲ τοὺς ἀριθμοὺς περιλαβὼν ἐξ ὧν ἄριστʼ ἄν τις τὰ κοινὰ διοικήσειεν, ἀεὶ τοῖς αὐτοῖς τὰς αὐτὰς πράξεις μεταχειρίζεσθαι προσέταξεν, εἰδὼς τοὺς μὲν μεταβαλλομένους τὰς ἐργασίας οὐδὲ πρὸς ἓν τῶν ἔργων ἀκριβῶς ἔχοντας, τοὺς δʼ ἐπὶ ταῖς αὐταῖς πράξεσι συνεχῶς διαμένοντας εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ἕκαστον ἀποτελοῦντας.
And having embraced all the divisions by which one might best administer public affairs, he ordered that the same people should always practice the same occupations, knowing that those who change their occupations do not have an accurate knowledge of even a single one of the works, whereas those who continually remain at the same occupations bring each to the highest perfection.
§17τοιγαροῦν καὶ πρὸς τὰς τέχνας εὑρήσομεν αὐτοὺς πλέον διαφέροντας τῶν περὶ τὰς αὐτὰς ἐπιστήμας ἢ τοὺς ἄλλους δημιουργοὺς τῶν ἰδιωτῶν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν σύνταξιν διʼ ἧς τήν τε βασιλείαν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην πολιτείαν διαφυλάττουσιν, οὕτω καλῶς ἔχοντας ὥστε καὶ τῶν φιλοσόφων τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν τοιούτων λέγειν ἐπιχειροῦντας καὶ μάλιστʼ εὐδοκιμοῦντας τὴν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ προαιρεῖσθαι πολιτείαν, καὶ Λακεδαιμονίους μέρος τι τῶν ἐκεῖθεν μιμουμένους ἄριστα διοικεῖν τὴν αὑτῶν πόλιν.
Therefore, we shall find that, with respect to the crafts, they excel those who possess the same knowledge to a greater degree than other artisans excel laymen, and with respect to the system by which they preserve both the kingship and the rest of the constitution, they are in so excellent a state that even of the philosophers those who attempt to speak on such matters and are most highly esteemed prefer the constitution in Egypt, and the Lacedaemonians, by imitating a certain part of the things from there, administer their own city best.
§18καὶ γὰρ τὸ μηδένα τῶν μαχίμων ἄνευ τῆς τῶν ἀρχόντων γνώμης ἀποδημεῖν καὶ τὰ συσσίτια καὶ τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ἄσκησιν, ἔτι δὲ τὸ μηδενὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἀποροῦντας τῶν κοινῶν προσταγμάτων ἀμελεῖν, μηδʼ ἐπὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις τέχναις διατρίβειν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὅλοις καὶ ταῖς στρατείαις προσέχειν τὸν νοῦν, ἐκεῖθεν ἅπαντα ταῦτʼ εἰλήφασιν.
For indeed, the fact that no one of the military class should travel abroad without the consent of the rulers, and the common meals, and the training of bodies, and furthermore, that they, being in no want of necessities, should not neglect public commands, nor spend time on other crafts, but give their mind to military matters and campaigns as a whole—all these things they have taken from there.
§19τοσούτῳ δὲ χεῖρον κέχρηνται τούτοις τοῖς ἐπιτηδεύμασιν, ὅσον οὗτοι μὲν ἅπαντες στρατιῶται καταστάντες βίᾳ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων λαμβάνειν ἀξιοῦσιν, ἐκεῖνοι δʼ οὕτως οἰκοῦσιν ὥσπερ χρὴ τοὺς μήτε τῶν ἰδίων ἀμελοῦντας μήτε τοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις ἐπιβουλεύοντας.
But they have used these practices so much worse, in as much as the latter, having all become soldiers, think it right to take the property of others by force, while the former live in such a way as is proper for those who neither neglect their own affairs nor plot against those of others.
γνοίη δʼ ἄν τις ἐνθένδε τὸ διάφορον ἑκατέρας τῆς πολιτείας.
And one might know the difference between each of the two constitutions from the following.
§20εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντες μιμησαίμεθα τὴν Λακεδαιμονίων ἀργίαν καὶ πλεονεξίαν, εὐθὺς ἂν ἀπολοίμεθα καὶ διὰ τὴν ἔνδειαν τῶν καθʼ ἡμέραν καὶ διὰ τὸν πόλεμον τὸν πρὸς ἡμᾶς αὐτούς· εἰ δὲ τοῖς Αἰγυπτίων νόμοις χρῆσθαι βουληθεῖμεν, καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἐργάζεσθαι, τοῖς δὲ τὰ τούτων σῴζειν δόξειεν, ἕκαστοι τὴν αὑτῶν ἔχοντες εὐδαιμόνως ἂν τὸν βίον διατελοῖμεν.
For if we should all imitate the idleness and covetousness of the Lacedaemonians, we should immediately perish, both because of the lack of daily necessities and because of war among ourselves; but if we should wish to use the laws of the Egyptians, and it should seem good that some should work and others should preserve their goods, we should each continue to live our lives happily, possessing our own.
§21καὶ μὲν δὴ καὶ τῆς περὶ τὴν φρόνησιν ἐπιμελείας εἰκότως ἄν τις ἐκεῖνον αἴτιον νομίσειεν.
And indeed, one might reasonably consider him also responsible for the care concerning wisdom.
τοῖς γὰρ ἱερεῦσι παρεσκεύασεν εὐπορίαν μὲν ταῖς ἐκ τῶν ἱερῶν προσόδοις, σωφροσύνην δὲ ταῖς ἁγνείαις ταῖς ὑπὸ τῶν νόμων προστεταγμέναις, σχολὴν δὲ ταῖς τῶν κινδύνων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἔργων ἀτελείαις· §22μεθʼ ὧν ἐκεῖνοι βιοτεύοντες τοῖς μὲν σώμασιν ἰατρικὴν ἐξεῦρον ἐπικουρίαν, οὐ διακεκινδυνευμένοις φαρμάκοις χρωμένην ἀλλὰ τοιούτοις, ἃ τὴν μὲν ἀσφάλειαν ὁμοίαν ἔχει τῇ τροφῇ τῇ καθʼ ἡμέραν, τὰς δʼ ὠφελείας τηλικαύτας ὥστʼ ἐκείνους ὁμολογουμένως ὑγιεινοτάτους εἶναι καὶ μακροβιωτάτους, ταῖς δὲ ψυχαῖς φιλοσοφίας ἄσκησιν κατέδειξαν, ἣ καὶ νομοθετῆσαι καὶ τὴν φύσιν τῶν ὄντων ζητῆσαι δύναται.
For he provided for the priests abundance by means of revenues from the temples, moderation by means of purifications prescribed by the laws, and leisure by means of exemptions from dangers and other tasks; living with which, they discovered for bodies a medical aid, which does not use dangerous drugs but such as have a safety similar to daily food, and benefits so great that they are confessedly the healthiest and longest-lived, and for souls they introduced the practice of philosophy, which is able both to establish laws and to investigate the nature of existing things.
§23καὶ τοὺς μὲν πρεσβυτέρους ἐπὶ τὰ μέγιστα τῶν πραγμάτων ἔταξεν, τοὺς δὲ νεωτέρους ἀμελήσαντας τῶν ἡδονῶν ἐπʼ ἀστρολογίᾳ καὶ λογισμοῖς καὶ γεωμετρίᾳ διατρίβειν ἔπεισεν, ὧν τὰς δυνάμεις οἱ μὲν ὡς πρὸς ἔνια χρησίμους ἐπαινοῦσιν, οἱ δʼ ὡς πλεῖστα πρὸς ἀρετὴν συμβαλλομένας ἀποφαίνειν ἐπιχειροῦσιν.
And he appointed the older men over the greatest of affairs, and persuaded the younger, neglecting pleasures, to spend time on astronomy, calculations, and geometry, whose powers some praise as useful for certain things, while others attempt to show as contributing most to virtue.
§24μάλιστα δʼ ἄξιον ἐπαινεῖν καὶ θαυμάζειν τὴν εὐσέβειαν αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν περὶ τοὺς θεοὺς θεραπείαν.
But it is especially worthy to praise and admire their piety and their service toward the gods.
ὅσοι μὲν γὰρ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς οὕτω κατεσχημάτισαν ὥστʼ ἢ κατὰ σοφίαν ἢ κατʼ ἄλλην τινʼ ἀρετὴν ὑπολαμβάνεσθαι μειζόνως ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν, οὗτοι μὲν βλάπτουσι τοὺς ἐξαπατηθέντας· ὅσοι δὲ τῶν θείων πραγμάτων οὕτω προέστησαν ὥστε καὶ τὰς ἐπιμελείας καὶ τὰς τιμωρίας εἶναι δοκεῖν ἀκριβεστέρας τῶν συμβαινόντων, οἱ δὲ τοιοῦτοι πλεῖστα τὸν βίον τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὠφελοῦσιν.
For those who have so fashioned themselves as to be assumed to be greater in wisdom or in some other virtue than their worth, these harm those who have been deceived; but those who have so presided over divine affairs that both the cares and the punishments seem more exact than the things that happen, such people benefit the life of human beings most.