§15ἡ δὲ παίδευσις τοὺς μὲν τοιούτους τεχνικωτέρους καὶ πρὸς τὸ ζητεῖν εὐπορωτέρους ἐποίησεν, οἷς γὰρ νῦν ἐντυγχάνουσι πλανώμενοι, ταῦτʼ ἐξ ἑτοιμοτέρου λαμβάνειν αὐτοὺς ἐδίδαξεν, τοὺς δὲ καταδεεστέραν τὴν φύσιν ἔχοντας ἀγωνιστὰς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς ἢ λόγων ποιητὰς οὐκ ἂν ἀποτελέσειεν, αὐτοὺς δʼ ἂν αὑτῶν προαγάγοι καὶ πρὸς πολλὰ φρονιμωτέρως διακεῖσθαι ποιήσειεν.
But education makes such men more skilled and more resourceful in searching, and has taught them to grasp more readily those things which they now happen upon by wandering; on the other hand, those who have a more deficient nature it would not render good contestants or creators of speeches, but it would advance them beyond themselves and make them more wisely disposed toward many things.
§16βούλομαι δʼ, ἐπειδή περ εἰς τοῦτο προῆλθον, ἔτι σαφέστερον εἰπεῖν περὶ αὐτῶν.
I wish, since I have proceeded to this point, to speak still more clearly about them.
φημὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ τῶν μὲν ἰδεῶν, ἐξ ὧν τοὺς λόγους ἅπαντας καὶ λέγομεν καὶ συντίθεμεν, λαβεῖν τὴν ἐπιστήμην οὐκ εἶναι τῶν πάνυ χαλεπῶν, ἤν τις αὑτὸν παραδῷ μὴ τοῖς ῥᾳδίως ὑπισχνουμένοις ἀλλὰ τοῖς εἰδόσι τι περὶ αὐτῶν· τὸ δὲ τούτων ἐφʼ ἑκάστῳ τῶν πραγμάτων ἃς δεῖ προελέσθαι καὶ μῖξαι πρὸς ἀλλήλας καὶ τάξαι κατὰ τρόπον, ἔτι δὲ τῶν καιρῶν μὴ διαμαρτεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἐνθυμήμασι πρεπόντως ὅλον τὸν λόγον καταποικῖλαι καὶ τοῖς ὀνόμασιν εὐρύθμως καὶ μουσικῶς εἰπεῖν, §17ταῦτα δὲ πολλῆς ἐπιμελείας δεῖσθαι καὶ ψυχῆς ἀνδρικῆς καὶ δοξαστικῆς ἔργον εἶναι, καὶ δεῖν τὸν μὲν μαθητὴν πρὸς τῷ τὴν φύσιν ἔχειν οἵαν χρὴ τὰ μὲν εἴδη τὰ τῶν λόγων μαθεῖν, περὶ δὲ τὰς χρήσεις αὐτῶν γυμνασθῆναι, τὸν δὲ διδάσκαλον τὰ μὲν οὕτως ἀκριβῶς οἷόν τʼ εἶναι διελθεῖν ὥστε μηδὲν τῶν διδακτῶν παραλιπεῖν, περὶ δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν τοιοῦτον αὑτὸν παράδειγμα παρασχεῖν, §18ὥστε τοὺς ἐκτυπωθέντας καὶ μιμήσασθαι δυναμένους εὐθὺς ἀνθηρότερον καὶ χαριέστερον τῶν ἄλλων φαίνεσθαι λέγοντας.
For I say that to acquire the knowledge of the forms, out of which we speak and compose all speeches, is not among the very difficult things, if one entrusts oneself not to those who make easy promises, but to those who know something about them; but, on the other hand, to choose of these forms those which are necessary for each of the subjects, to mix them with one another, and to arrange them properly, and furthermore, not to miss the opportune moments, but to embellish the whole speech appropriately with enthymemes and to speak in words that are rhythmic and musical— these things require much care and are the work of a manly and imaginative soul, and the student, in addition to having the necessary nature, must learn the forms of speeches and be trained in their uses, while the teacher must be able to go through the teachable things so accurately as to omit nothing that can be taught, and concerning the rest, to offer himself as such a model, so that those who have been molded and are able to imitate him immediately appear to speak in a more florid and graceful style than the others.
καὶ τούτων μὲν ἁπάντων συμπεσόντων τελείως ἕξουσιν οἱ φιλοσοφοῦντες· καθʼ ὃ δʼ ἂν ἐλλειφθῇ τι τῶν εἰρημένων, ἀνάγκη ταύτῃ χεῖρον διακεῖσθαι τοὺς πλησιάζοντας.
And if all these things coincide perfectly, those who study philosophy will possess the art completely; but in whatever respect any of the things mentioned is lacking, in that respect those who associate with the teacher must necessarily be worse off.
§19οἱ μὲν οὖν ἄρτι τῶν σοφιστῶν ἀναφυόμενοι καὶ νεωστὶ προσπεπτωκότες ταῖς ἀλαζονείαις, εἰ καὶ νῦν πλεονάζουσιν, εὖ οἶδʼ ὅτι πάντες ἐπὶ ταύτην κατενεχθήσονται τὴν ὑπόθεσιν.
Now, those of the sophists who are just now emerging and have recently fallen into these boastful ways, even if they are excessive now, I know well that they will all be brought down to this position.
λοιποὶ δʼ ἡμῖν εἰσιν οἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν γενόμενοι καὶ τὰς καλουμένας τέχνας γράψαι τολμήσαντες, οὓς οὐκ ἀφετέον ἀνεπιτιμήτους· οἵ τινες ὑπέσχοντο δικάζεσθαι διδάξειν, ἐκλεξάμενοι τὸ δυσχερέστατον τῶν ὀνομάτων, ὃ τῶν φθονούντων ἔργον ἦν λέγειν, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῶν προεστώτων τῆς τοιαύτης παιδεύσεως, καὶ ταῦτα τοῦ πράγματος, §20καθʼ ὅσον ἐστὶ διδακτόν, οὐδὲν μᾶλλον πρὸς τοὺς δικανικοὺς λόγους ἢ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους ἅπαντας ὠφελεῖν δυναμένου.
But there remain for us those who lived before us and who dared to write the so-called "Arts," whom we must not let go uncensured; who promised to teach how to conduct lawsuits, choosing the most offensive of terms—which was the work of envious people to say, but not of those presiding over such education—and that too when the matter, so far as it is teachable, is able to help no more toward forensic speeches than toward all other kinds of speeches.
τοσούτῳ δὲ χείρους ἐγένοντο τῶν περὶ τὰς ἔριδας καλινδουμένων, ὅσον οὗτοι μὲν τοιαῦτα λογίδια διεξιόντες, οἷς εἴ τις ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων ἐμμείνειεν εὐθὺς ἂν ἐν πᾶσιν εἴη κακοῖς, ὅμως ἀρετὴν ἐπηγγείλαντο καὶ σωφροσύνην περὶ αὐτῶν, ἐκεῖνοι δʼ ἐπὶ τοὺς πολιτικοὺς λόγους, παρακαλοῦντες, ἀμελήσαντες τῶν ἄλλων τῶν προσόντων αὐτοῖς ἀγαθῶν, πολυπραγμοσύνης καὶ πλεονεξίας ὑπέστησαν εἶναι διδάσκαλοι.
And they proved to be worse than those who wallow in disputations by as much as the latter, although expounding such petty arguments that if anyone should abide by them in actual affairs he would immediately be in all kinds of trouble, nevertheless promised virtue and moderation concerning them, while the former, though inviting men to political speeches, neglected the other good qualities belonging to them and undertook to be teachers of meddlesomeness and greed.
§21καίτοι τοὺς βουλομένους πειθαρχεῖν τοῖς ὑπὸ τῆς φιλοσοφίας ταύτης προσταττομένοις πολὺ ἂν θᾶττον πρὸς ἐπιείκειαν ἢ πρὸς ῥητορείαν ὠφελήσειεν.
And yet, those who wish to obey the precepts enjoined by this philosophy, it would benefit much more quickly toward decency than toward rhetoric.
καὶ μηδεὶς οἰέσθω με λέγειν ὡς ἔστι δικαιοσύνη διδακτόν· ὅλως μὲν γὰρ οὐδεμίαν ἡγοῦμαι τοιαύτην εἶναι τέχνην, ἥτις τοῖς κακῶς πεφυκόσι πρὸς ἀρετὴν σωφροσύνην ἂν καὶ δικαιοσύνην ἐμποιήσειεν· οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ συμπαρακελεύσασθαί γε καὶ συνασκῆσαι μάλιστʼ ἃ οἶμαι τὴν τῶν λόγων τῶν πολιτικῶν ἐπιμέλειαν.
And let no one think that I am saying that justice is teachable; for in general I believe there is no such art which could implant moderation and justice in those who are naturally ill-disposed toward virtue; nevertheless, I think that the study of political speeches can especially help to encourage and to train them in these qualities.
§22ἵνα δὲ μὴ δοκῶ τὰς μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ὑποσχέσεις διαλύειν, αὐτὸς δὲ μείζω λέγειν τῶν ἐνόντων, ἐξ ὧνπερ αὐτὸς ἐπείσθην οὕτω ταῦτʼ ἔχειν, ῥᾳδίως οἶμαι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις φανερὸν καταστήσειν.
But so that I may not seem to be destroying the promises of others while myself saying things greater than what is possible, from the very reasons by which I myself was persuaded that this is so, I think I shall easily make it clear to others as well.