§4#1ΓΡ. τίνος μὲν οὖν οὐχὶ μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ σοφωτάτῳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων;
: Indeed, in what virtue do they not share even more than the wisest of men?
σκόπει δὲ πρῶτον, εἰ βούλει, τὴν ἀνδρείαν, ἐφʼ σὺ φρονεῖς μέγα καὶ οὐκ ἐγκαλύπτῃ
θρασὺς
καὶ
πτολίπορθος
ἀποκαλούμενος, ὅστις, ὦ σχετλιώτατε, δόλοις καὶ μηχαναῖς ἀνθρώπους ἁπλοῦν καὶ γενναῖον εἰδότας πολέμου τρόπον ἀπάτης δὲ καὶ ψευδῶν ἀπείρους παρακρουσάμενος, ὄνομα τῇ πανουργίᾳ προστίθης τῆς ἀρετῆς ἥκιστα πανουργίαν προσιεμένης.
But consider first, if you wish, courage, in which you take great pride and do not veil your face when called bold and sacker of cities, you who, O most wretched man, having deceived by guiles and devices men who knew a simple and noble way of war and were inexperienced in deceit and lies, apply the name of virtue to knavery, though virtue least of all admits knavery.
ἀλλὰ τῶν γε θηρίων τοὺς πρὸς ἄλληλα καὶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀγῶνας ὁρᾷς ὡς ἄδολοι καὶ ἄτεχνοι καὶ μετʼ ἐμφανοῦς γυμνοῦ τε τοῦ θαρρεῖν πρὸς ἀληθινῆς ἀλκῆς ποιοῦνται τὰς ἀμύνας· καὶ οὔτε νόμου καλοῦντος οὔτʼ ἀστρατείας δεδοικότα γραφὴν ἀλλὰ φύσει φεύγοντα τὸ κρατεῖσθαι μέχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων ἐγκαρτερεῖ καὶ διαφυλάττει τὸ ἀήττητον οὐ γὰρ ἡττᾶται κρατούμενα τοῖς σώμασιν οὔδʼ ἀπαγορεύει ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἀλλὰ ταῖς μάχαις ἐναποθνήσκει.
But at least you see how the contests of beasts against one another and against you are free of guile and artless, and how they make their defenses with manifest and naked boldness, out of true strength; and neither summoned by law nor fearing a prosecution for evasion of military service, but by nature fleeing being conquered, they endure to the very end and preserve their unconquered state; for they are not defeated when overcome in their bodies, nor do they give up in their souls, but they die in the midst of battle.
πολλῶν δὲ θνησκόντων ἡ ἀλκὴ μετὰ τοῦ θυμοειδοῦς ἀποχωρήσασά ποι καὶ συναθροισθεῖσα περὶ ἕν τι τοῦ σώματος μόριον ἀνθίσταται τῷ κτείνοντι καὶ πηδᾷ καὶ ἀγανακτεῖ, μέχρι ἂν ὥσπερ πῦρ ἐγκατασβεσθῇ παντάπασι καὶ ἀπόληται.
And of the many who die, their strength, having retreated somewhere along with their spirited part and gathered around some single part of the body, resists the killer and leaps and chafes, until, like a fire, it is completely extinguished within and perishes.
δέησις δʼ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδʼ οἴκτου παραίτησις οὐδʼ ἐξομολόγησις ἥττης, οὐδὲ δουλεύει λέων λέοντι καὶ ἵππος ἵππῳ διʼ ἀνανδρίαν, ὥσπερ ἄνθρωπος ἀνθρώπῳ, τὴν τῆς δειλίας ἐπώνυμον εὐκόλως ἐνἀσπαζόμενος.
And there is no begging, nor entreaty for pity, nor confession of defeat; nor does a lion serve a lion, nor a horse a horse, out of cowardice, as man does man, easily embracing that state which is named after cowardice.
ὅσα δʼ ἄνθρωποι πάγαις ἢ δόλοις ἐχειρώσαντο, τὰ μὲν ἤδη τέλεια καὶ τροφὴν ἀπωσάμενα καὶ πρὸς δίψαν ἐγκαρτερήσαντα τὸν πρὸ δουλείας ἐπάγεται καὶ ἀγαπᾷ θάνατον· νεοσσοῖς δὲ καὶ σκύμνοις τούτων, διʼ ἡλικίαν εὐαγώγοις καὶ ἁπαλοῖς οὖσιν, πολλὰ καὶ ἀπατηλὰ μειλίγματα καὶ ὑποπεττεύματα προσφέροντες καὶ καταφαρμάττοντες, ἡδονῶν παρὰ φύσιν γευόμενα καὶ διαίτης ἀδρανῆ χρόνῳ κατειργάσαντο, ἕως προσεδέξαντο καὶ ὑπέμειναν τὴν καλουμένην ἐξημέρωσιν ὥσπερ ἀπογυναίκωσιν τοῦ θυμοειδοῦς· οἷς δὴ μάλιστα δῆλον ὅτι τὰ θηρία πρὸς τὸ θαρρεῖν εὖ πέφυκε.
And as many as men have subdued by traps or guiles, those that are already full-grown, having rejected food and endured thirst, bring upon themselves and welcome death in preference to slavery; but to their young and cubs, who on account of their age are easily led and tender, by offering many deceitful blandishments and allurements and drugging them, they make them weak over time, tasting unnatural pleasures and ways of life, until they accept and endure so-called domestication, which is like an effeminization of their spirited part; by which things indeed it is most clear that beasts are naturally well-suited for bravery.
τοῖς δʼ ἀνθρώποις ἡ παρρησία καὶ παρὰ φύσιν ἐστίν· ἐκεῖθεν δʼ ἄν, ὦ βέλτιστʼ Ὀδυσσεῦ, μάλιστα καταμάθοις· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς θηρίοις ἰσορροπεῖ πρὸς ἀλκὴν ἡ φύσις καὶ τὸ θῆλυ τοῦ ἄρρενος οὐδὲν ἀποδεῖ, πονεῖν τε τοὺς ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀναγκαίοις πόνους ἀγωνίζεσθαί τε τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν τέκνων ἀγῶνας.
But for humans, outspokenness is even contrary to nature; and you might learn this best from the following, O excellent Odysseus: for among beasts nature is equally balanced with respect to strength, and the female is in no way inferior to the male, both in enduring necessary labors and in fighting the contests for their children.
ἀλλὰ καὶ Κρομμυωνίαν τινὰ σῦν ἀκούεις, ἣ πράγματα πολλά, θῆλυ θηρίον οὖσα, τῷ Θησεῖ παρέσχε· καὶ τὴν Σφίγγα ἐκείνην οὐκ ἂν ὤνησεν ἡ σοφία περὶ τὸ Φίκιον ἄνω καθεζομένην, αἰνίγματα καὶ γρίφους πλέκουσαν, εἰ μὴ ῥώμῃ καὶ ἀνδρείᾳ πολὺ τῶν Καδμείων ἐπεκράτει.
But you also hear of a certain Crommyonian sow, which, though a female beast, caused many troubles for Theseus; and as for that famous Sphinx, her wisdom would not have profited her, sitting aloft on Mount Phicium and weaving riddles and puzzles, if she had not far surpassed the Cadmeans in strength and courage.
ἐπεῖ δέ που καὶ Τευμησίαν ἀλώπεκα
μέρμερον χρῆμα
καὶ πλησίον ὄφιν τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι περὶ τοῦ χρηστηρίου μονομαχοῦσαν ἐν Δελφοῖς γενέσθαι λέγουσι.
And indeed, they say that there was also a Teumessian fox, a mischievous creature, and nearby a serpent fighting in single combat against Apollo for the oracle in Delphi.