§18ἀλλʼ αὕτη μὲν ἀπήρτηται τοῦ ζητουμένου πολλὰ γὰρ δέδεικται ψυχρὰ τῶν λαμπρῶν ὄντα καὶ θερμὰ τῶν ἀμαυρῶν καὶ σκοτεινῶν.
But this is separate from the matter under inquiry; for many bright things have been shown to be cold, and many dim and dark things to be hot.
ἐκεῖναι δὲ συγγενέστεραι δυνάμεις ψυχρότητός εἰσι, τὸ ἐμβριθὲς τὸ πυκνὸν τὸ μόνιμον τὸ ἀμετάβλητον ὧν ἀέρι μὲν οὐδεμιᾶς, γῇ δὲ μᾶλλον ἢ ὕδατι πασῶν μέτεστι.
On the other hand, those powers are more akin to coldness: heaviness, density, stability, and immutability, of which air shares in none, while earth shares in all of them more than water does.
καὶ μὴν ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα τὸ ψυχρὸν αἰσθητῶς σκληρόν ἐστι καὶ σκληροποιὸν. καὶ ἀντίτυπον.
Moreover, among the most conspicuous signs, that which is cold is sensibly hard, hardening, and resistant.
ἰχθῦς μὲν γὰρ ἱστορεῖ Θεόφραστος ὑπὸ ῥίγους πεπηγότας, ἂν ἀφεθῶσιν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, κατάγνυσθαι καὶ συντρίβεσθαι δίκην ὑελῶν ἢ κεραμεῶν σωμάτων.
For Theophrastus records that fish frozen by the cold, if they are dropped upon the ground, shatter and break into pieces like glass or earthenware bodies.
, ἐν δὲ Δελφοῖς αὐτὸς ἢκουες ὅτι τῶν εἰς τὸν Παρνασὸν ἀναβάντων βοηθῆσαι ταῖς Θυιάσιν, ἀπειλημμέναις ὑπὸ πνεύματος χαλεποῦ καὶ χιόνος, οὕτως ἐγένοντο διὰ τὸν πάγον σκληραὶ καὶ ξυλώδεις αἱ χλαμύδες, ὡς καὶ θραύεσθαι διατεινομένας καὶ ῥήγνυσθαι.
And in Delphi you yourself heard that of those who went up to Parnassus to help the Thyiads, who were trapped by a violent wind and snow, their cloaks became so hard and wood-like because of the frost that they would even snap and break when stretched out.
ποιεῖ δὲ καὶ νεῦρα δυσκαμπῆ καὶ γλῶτταν ἄναυδον ἀκινησίᾳ καὶ σκληρότητι τὸ ἄγαν ψῦχος, ἐκπηγνύον τὰ καὶ μαλακὰ τοῦ σώματος.
And excessive cold also makes the sinews stiff and the tongue speechless through immobility and hardness, freezing even the soft parts of the body.
§19ὧν βλεπομένων, σκόπει τὸ γιγνόμενον οὕτω.
These things being seen, consider what happens in this way.
πᾶσα δήπου δύναμις, ἂν περιγένηται, πέφυκε μεταβάλλειν καὶ τρέπειν εἰς ἑαυτὴν τὸ νικώμενον τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ θερμοῦ κρατηθὲν ἐκπυροῦται, τὸ ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἐξαεροῦται, τὸ δʼ εἰς ὕδωρ ἐμπεσόν, ἂν μὴ διαφύγῃ,- καθυγραίνεται, συνδιαχεόμενον.
Surely every power, if it prevails, is of a nature to change and turn into itself that which is vanquished; for that which is mastered by heat is turned to fire, that which is mastered by wind is turned to air, and that which falls into water, if it does not escape, is thoroughly moistened, dissolving with it.
ἀνάγκη δὴ καὶ τὰ ψυχόμενα κομιδῇ μεταβάλλειν εἰς τὸ πρώτως ψυχρόν ἔστι δʼ ὑπερβολὴ ψύξεως πῆξις, πῆξις δʼ εἰς ἀγνωσίαν τελευτᾷ καὶ λίθωσιν, ὅταν, παντάπασι τοῦ ψυχροῦ κρατήσαντος, ἐκπαγῇ μὲν τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐκθλιβῇ δὲ τὸ θερμόν.
It is necessary then that things being cooled should also change completely into that which is primarily cold. And the extreme of cooling is freezing, and freezing ends in insensibility and petrification, when, the cold having completely mastered, the moisture is frozen out and the heat is squeezed out.
ὅθεν ἡ μὲν ἐν βάθει γῆ πάγος ἐστὶν ὡς εἰπεῖν καὶ κρύσταλλος ἅπασα τὸ γὰρ ψυχρὸν ἄκρατον οἰκουρεῖ καὶ ἀμάλακτον ἀπεωσμένον ἐκεῖ τοῦ αἰθέρος ἀπωτάτω ταυτὶ δὲ·
Hence the earth in its depths is, so to speak, all ice and crystal; for the pure and unsoftened cold keeps house there, thrust furthest away from the aether.
τὰ ἐμφανῆ, κρημνοὺς καὶ σκοπέλους καὶ πέτρας, Ἐμπεδοκλῆς μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς οἴεται τοῦ ἐν βάθει τῆς γῆς ἑστάναι καὶ ἀνέχεσθαι διερειδόμενα φλεγμαίνοντος· ἐμφαίνεται δὲ μᾶλλον, ὅσων τὸ θερμὸν ἐξεθλίβη καὶ διέπτατο, πάντα ταῦτα παντάπασιν ὑπὸ τῆς ψυχρότητος παγῆναι διὸ καὶ πάγοι καλοῦνται.
But these visible things, cliffs, crags, and rocks, Empedocles indeed thinks stand and are held up, being supported by the fire that burns in the depths of the earth; but it is more apparent that all these things, from which the heat was squeezed out and flew away, have been completely frozen by the cold, which is why they are also called frozen masses.
καὶ τὰ ἄκρα πολλῶν ἐπιμελανθέντων, τὸ θερμὸν ἐξέπεσε, πυρικαύστοις ἰδεῖν προσέοικε πήγνυσι γὰρ τὸ ψυχρὸν τὰ μὲν μᾶλλον τὰ δʼ ἧττον, μάλιστα δʼ οἷς πρώτως ἐνυπάρχειν πέφυκεν.
And the extremities of many things having turned black, the heat having escaped, look like things burnt by fire; for the cold freezes some things more and others less, but most of all those in which it is naturally present primarily.
ὥσπερ γάρ, εἰ θερμοῦ τὸ κουφίζειν, θερμότατόν ἐστι τὸ κουφότατον· εἰ δʼ ὑγροῦ τὸ μαλάσσειν, ὑγρότατον τὸ μαλακώτατον·
For just as, if it is the property of heat to make light, the lightest thing is the hottest; and if it is the property of moisture to soften, the softest thing is the moistest; so, if it is the property of cold to freeze, it is necessary that the most frozen thing, such as the earth, be the coldest.
οὕτως, εἰ ψυχροῦ τὸ πηγνύειν, ἀνάγκη ψυχρότατον εἶναι τὸ μάλιστα πεπηγός, οἷον ἡ γῆ τὸ δὲ ψυχρότατον φύσει δήπου καὶ πρώτως ψυχρὸν ὥστε φύσει καὶ· πρώτως ψυχρὸν ἡ γῆ.
And the coldest thing is surely by nature and primarily cold, so that the earth is by nature and primarily cold.
τοῦτο δʼ ἀμέλει καὶ τῇ αἰσθήσει δῆλόν ἐστι καὶ γὰρ πηλὸς ὕδατοσψυχρότερος καὶ τὸ πῦρ γῆν ἐπιφοροῦντες ἀφανίζουσιν οἱ· δὲ χαλκεῖς τῷ πυρουμένῳ καὶ ἀνατηκομένῳ σιδήρῳ μάρμαρον καὶ λατύπην παραπάσσουσι, τὴν πολλὴν ῥύσιν ἐφιστάντες καὶ καταψύχοντες· ψύχει δὲ καὶ τὰ τῶν ἀθλητῶν κόνις σώματα καὶ κατασβέννυσι τοὺς ἱδρῶτας.
And this is indeed clear also to sense; for mud is colder than water, and people extinguish fire by throwing earth upon it, and blacksmiths sprinkle marble dust and stone-chips upon iron that is heated and melting, stopping and cooling its great flow; and the dust also cools the bodies of athletes and extinguishes their sweat.
§20ἡ δὲ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν ἡμᾶς μετάγουσα καὶ μετοικίζουσα χρεία τί βούλεται, χειμῶνος μὲν ἀπωτάτω φεύγουσα τῆς γῆς εἰς τὰ μετέωρα καὶ ἀπόγεια, θέρους δὲ πάλιν ἀντεχομένη τῶν κάτω καὶ ὑποδυομένη καὶ διώκουσα προσφόρους καταφυγάς, τιθεμένη τὴν δίαιταν ἐν ἀγκάλαις γῆς ἀγαπητῶς;
And what does our yearly necessity, which moves and relocates us, mean, fleeing in winter furthest from the earth to high places and rooms above the ground, and in summer again clinging to the things below, going deep and seeking suitable refuges, gladly establishing our dwelling in the arms of the earth?
ἆρʼ οὐχὶ ταῦτα ποιοῦμεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ὑπὸ ψυχρότητος ὁδηγούμενοι τῇ αἰσθήσει καὶ τὸ πρώτως φύσει ψυχρὸν ἐπιγινώσκοντες;
Is it not that we do these things guided by sense toward the earth under the influence of cold, recognizing that which is primarily by nature cold?
αἱ γοῦν παράλιοι χειμῶνος δίαιται τρόπον τινὰ γῆς φυγαί εἰσιν, ὡς ἀνυστὸν ἀπολειπόντων διὰ κρύος αὐτήν, τὸν δʼ ἔναλον ἀέρα καὶ πελάγιον θερμὸν ὄντα περιβαλλομένων εἶτʼ αὖθις ἐν θέρει τὸν γηγενῆ καὶ χερσαῖον ὑπὸ καύματος ποθοῦμεν, οὐκ αὐτὸν ὄντα ψυχρὸν ἀλλὰ τοῦ φύσει ψυχροῦ καὶ πρώτως ἀποβλαστάνοντα καὶ βεβαμμένον ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν γῇ δυνάμεως ὥσπερ βαφῇ σίδηρον. καὶ γὰρ.
At any rate, the coastal modes of life in winter are in a way flights from the earth, as people leave it as much as possible because of the cold, and wrap themselves in the sea-air and marine air which is warm; and then again in summer we desire the earth-born and land-air because of the scorching heat, not because it is cold in itself, but because it shoots up from that which is cold by nature and primarily, and is dyed by the power in the earth just as iron is by tempering.
τῶν ῥυτῶν ὑδάτων τὰ πετραῖα καὶ ὀρεινὰ ψυχρότατα καὶ τῶν φρεατιαίων τὰ κοιλότατα· τούτοις μὲν γὰρ οὐκέτι μίγνυται διὰ βάθους ἔξωθεν ὁ ἀήρ, ἐκεῖνα δʼ ἐκπίπτει διὰ τῆς γῆς ἀμίκτου καὶ καθαρᾶς, ὡς τὸ περὶ Ταίναρον, ὃ δὴ Στυγὸς ὕδωρ καλοῦσιν, ἐκ πέτρας γλίσχρως συλλειβόμενον οὕτω ψυχρόν ἐστιν, ὥστε μηδὲν ἀγγεῖον ἄλλο μόνην δʼ ὁπλὴν ὄνου στέγειν· τὰ δʼ ἄλλα διακόπτει καὶ ῥήγνυσιν.
For also of flowing waters, those in rocky and mountainous places are coldest, and of well-waters, the deepest; for to the latter, because of the depth, the outer air no longer mixes, while the former flow out through the unmixed and pure earth, as that water near Taenarum, which indeed they call the water of Styx, trickling scantily out of a rock, is so cold that no other vessel but only the hoof of an ass can hold it, while it breaks and shatters all others.