§6διὰ τί τοῖς συνεχῶς διὰ τῶν δεδροσισμένων δένδρων βαδίζουσι λέπραν ἴσχει τὰ ψαύοντα τῆς ὕλης μόρια τοῦ σώματος;
Why do those who walk continually through dewy trees get leprosy on the parts of the body that touch the wood?
πότερον, ὡς Λαῖτος ἔλεγε, τῇ λεπτότητι τὸ δροσῶδες ὑγρὸν ἀποξύει τοῦ χρωτός·
Is it, as Laetus used to say, that the dewy moisture scrapes off the skin by its thinness?
ἤ, καθάπερ ἐρυσίβη τοῖς ὑγραινομένοις ἐγγίγνεται σπέρμασιν, οὕτως ὑπὸ τῆς δρόσου τῶν ἐπιπολῆς χλωρῶν καὶ ἁπαλῶν ἀναχαρασσομένων καὶ ἀποτηκομένων ἄχνη τις ἀπιοῦσα τοῦ σίνοντος ἀναπίμπλησι προσχεομένη τοῖς ἀναιμοτάτοις μέρεσι τῆς σαρκός, οἷα κνῆμαι καὶ πόδες, καὶ ἀμύσσει καὶ δάκνει τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν;
Or, just as mildew occurs in damp seeds, so under the dew, as the superficial green and tender parts are chafed and melted, does a kind of dregs coming away from the harming source fill, by flowing onto them, the most bloodless parts of the flesh, such as the shins and feet, and chafe and bite the surface?
ὅτι γὰρ φύσει τι δηκτικὸν ἔνεστι τῇ δρόσῳ, μαρτυρεῖ τὸ τοὺς πίονας ἰσχνοτέρους ποιεῖν· αἱ γοῦν πίονες γυναῖκες; ἱματίοις ἢ ἐρίοις ἁπαλοῖς ἀναλαμβάνουσαι τῆς δρόσου δοκοῦσι συντήκειν τὴν πολυσαρκίαν.
For that there is by nature something biting in dew is testified by its making fat people leaner; at any rate, fat women, taking up dew with garments or soft wool, seem to melt away their excess flesh.
§7διὰ τί τὰ πλοῖα χειμῶνος ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς πλεῖ βράδιον, ἐν δὲ τῇ θαλάττῃ οὐ παραπλησίως;
Why do ships sail slower in rivers in winter, but not in a similar way in the sea?
πότερον ὁ ποτάμιος ἀὴρ ἀεὶ δυσκίνητος ὢν καὶ βαρὺς ἐν δὲ χειμῶνι μᾶλλον παχυνόμενος διὰ τὴν περίψυξιν, ἐμποδών ἐστι τοῖς πλέουσιν·
Is it because the river air, being always hard to move and heavy, and in winter becoming more thickened because of the surrounding cold, is an obstacle to those who sail?
ἢ τοῦτο μᾶλλον τοῦ ἀέρος πάσχουσιν οἱ ποταμοί;
Or do rivers suffer this more than the air?
ἐλαύνουσα γὰρ ἡ ψυχρότης τὸ ὕδωρ ποιεῖ βαρὺ καὶ σωματῶδες, ὡς ἔστιν ἐν ταῖς κλεψύδραις καταμαθεῖν· βράδιον γὰρ ἕλκουσι χειμῶνος ἢ θέρους· ἐν δὲ Θρᾴκῃ περὶ τὸ Πάγγαιον ἱστορεῖ Θεόφραστος εἶναι κρήνην, ἀφʼ ἧς ταὐτὸ γέμον ἀγγεῖον ὕδατος ἱστάμενον χειμῶνος ἕλκειν διπλάσιον σταθμὸν ἢ θέρους.
For the cold, driving the water, makes it heavy and solid, as can be observed in water-clocks; for they draw slower in winter than in summer; and in Thrace, around Pangaeum, Theophrastus records that there is a spring from which the same vessel, when full of water, weighs twice as much in winter as in summer.
ὅτι δʼ ἡ πυκνότης τοῦ ὕδατος τὴν βραδυτῆτα ποιεῖ τοῦ πλοῦ, δῆλόν ἐστι τῷ πλείονα γόμον φέρειν τὰ ποτάμια πλοῖα τοῦ χειμῶνος· τὸ γὰρ ὕδωρ μᾶλλον ἀντερείδει πυκνότερον καὶ βαρύτερον γιγνόμενον, τὴν δὲ θάλατταν ἡ θερμότης κωλύει πυκνοῦσθαι, διʼ ἣν οὐδὲ πήγνυται· μάλκη γὰρ ἔοικεν εἶναι πύκνωσις.
That the density of the water causes the slowness of the voyage is clear from the fact that river ships carry a greater cargo in winter; for the water, becoming denser and heavier, offers more resistance; but the sea is prevented by its heat from condensing, because of which it does not even freeze; for condensation seems to be a kind of numbness.
§8διὰ τί, τῶν ἄλλων ὑγρῶν ἐν τῷ κινεῖσθαι καὶ στρέφεσθαι ψυχομένων, τὴν θάλατταν ὁρῶμεν ἐν τῷ κυματοῦσθαι θερμοτέραν γιγνομένην;
Why, while other liquids cool when moved and stirred, do we see the sea becoming warmer when it waves?
ἦ τῶν μὲν ἄλλων ὑγρῶν ἐπεισόδιον οὖσαν καὶ ἀλλοτρίαν ἐξίστησιν ἡ κίνησις τὴν θερμότητα καὶ διαφορεῖ, τὴν δὲ τῆς θαλάττης σύμφυτον οὖσαν ἐκριπίζουσι μᾶλλον οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ τρέφουσι;
Is it because, while motion drives out and disperses heat as something adventitious and alien in other liquids, the winds rather fan and nourish the heat of the sea, which is innate?
μαρτύρια δὲ τῆς θερμότητος ἡ διαύγεια καὶ τὸ μὴ πήγνυσθαι, καίπερ οὖσαν γεώδη καὶ βαρεῖαν.
Evidence of this heat is its transparency and the fact that it does not freeze, although it is earthy and heavy.
§9διὰ τί τοῦ χειμῶνος ἧττον πικρὰ γίγνεται γευομένοις ἡ θάλαττα;
Why does the sea become less bitter to the taste in winter?
τοῦτο γάρ φασι καὶ Διονύσιον ἱστορεῖν τὸν ὑδραγωγόν.
For they say that Dionysius the aqueduct-builder also records this.
ἦ ὅτι παντελῶς μὲν ἔρημος οὐκ ἔστι γλυκύτητος οὐδʼ ἄμοιρος ἡ πικρότης, ἅτε δὴ ποταμοὺς τοσούτους ὑποδεχομένης τῆς θαλάττης· τοῦ δʼ ἡλίου τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ πότιμον ἐξαιροῦντος ὑπὸ κουφότητος ἐπιπολάζον καὶ μᾶλλον ἐν τῷ θέρει τοῦτο ποιοῦντος, ἐν δὲ τῷ χειμῶνι μαλακώτερον ἁπτομένου διʼ ἀσθένειαν θερμότητος, ὑπολειπομένη μοῖρα πολλῆς γλυκύτητος ἀνίησι τὸ ἀκράτως πικρὸν καὶ φαρμακῶδες;
Is it because bitterness is not entirely destitute of sweetness nor without a share in it, since the sea receives so many rivers; but while the sun removes the sweet and drinkable part due to its lightness, as it floats on the surface, and does this more in summer, while in winter it touches it more gently because of the weakness of its heat, the remaining portion of much sweetness relaxes the unmixed bitter and medicinal quality?
τοῦτο δʼ ἡσυχῆ καὶ τοῖς ποτίμοις συμβέβηκε· θέρους γὰρ πονηρότερα γίγνεται, τὸ κουφότατον καὶ γλυκύτατον τοῦ θερμοῦ διαφοροῦντος, ἐν δὲ χειμῶνι νέον ἐπιρρεῖ καὶ πρόσφατον, οὗ μετέχειν ἀνάγκη καὶ τὴν θάλατταν, σειομένην ἅμα καὶ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐπιδιδόντων.
This also happens quietly to drinkable waters; for they become worse in summer, since the heat disperses the lightest and sweetest part, but in winter fresh and recent water flows in, in which the sea also must share, being shaken at the same time and as the rivers increase their contribution.
§10διὰ τί τῷ οἴνῳ θάλασσαν παραχέουσι καὶ χρησμόν τινα λέγουσιν ἁλιεῖς κομισθῆναι προστάττοντα βαπτίζειν τὸν Διόνυσον πρὸς τὴν θάλατταν, οἱ δὲ πόρρω θαλάττης ἐμβάλλουσι γύψον Ζακυνθίαν ὀπτήσαντες;
Why do they pour sea-water into wine, and say that an oracle was brought to the fishermen ordering them to dip Dionysus into the sea, while those who are far from the sea throw in baked Zacynthian gypsum?
πότερον ἡ θερμότης βοηθεῖ πρὸς τὴν περίψυξιν, ἢ αὐτὴ ἐξίστησι μάλιστα τὸν οἶνον ἀποσβεννύουσα καὶ φθείρουσα τὴν δύναμιν·
Is it because heat helps against cooling, or does it itself especially alter the wine by quenching it and destroying its power?
ἢ τὸ ὑδατῶδες καὶ πνευματῶδες τοῦ οἴνου πρὸς μεταβολὴν ἐπισφαλέστατʼ ἔχον ἵστησι τὰ γεώδη πεφυκότα στύφειν καὶ κατισχναίνειν, οἱ δʼ ἅλες μετὰ τῆς θαλάττης λεπτύνοντες καὶ ἀποτήκοντες τάλλότριον καὶ περιττὸν οὐκ ἐῶσι δυσωδίαν οὐδὲ σῆψιν ἐγγίγνεσθαι·
Or does the earthy nature, which is naturally astringent and thinning, stabilize the watery and windy part of the wine, which is most unstable to change, while the salts, with the sea-water, thinning and dissolving what is alien and superfluous, do not allow bad odor or putrefaction to occur?
πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, ὅσον ἐστὶ παχὺ καὶ γεῶδες, ἐμπλεκόμενον τοῖς βαρυτέροις καὶ συγκατασπώμενον ὑποστάθμην ποιεῖ καὶ τρύγα τὸν δʼ οἶνον ἀπολείπει καθαρόν;
In addition to these things, does whatever is thick and earthy, becoming entangled with the heavier parts and dragged down together, make a sediment and dregs, but leave the wine pure?