§1ὅ Πλάτων ἐν τοῖς Νόμοις οὐκ ἐᾷ μεταλαμβάνειν ὕδατος ἀλλοτρίου τοὺς γείτονας, ἂν μὴ παρʼ αὑτοῖς ὀρύξαντες ἄχρι τῆς κεραμίτιδος καλουμένης γῆς ἄγονον εὕρωσι νάματος τὸ χωρίον· ἡ γὰρ κεραμῖτις φύσιν ἔχουσα λιπαρὰν καὶ πυκνὴν στέγει παραλαβοῦσα τὸ ὑγρὸν καὶ οὐ διίησι·
Plato in the *Laws* does not allow neighbors to share in another’s water, unless, having dug on their own land as far as the so-called clay-ground, they find the place barren of spring water; for the clay-ground, having a rich and dense nature, retains the moisture it receives and does not let it through.
δεῖν δὲ μεταλαμβάνειν τἀλλοτρίου τοὺς ἴδιον κτήσασθαι μὴ δυναμένους· ἀπορίᾳ γὰρ βοηθεῖν τὸν νόμον.
But he says that those who cannot acquire their own water should share in another’s; for the law helps in cases of necessity.
ἆρʼ οὐ δὴ ἔδει καὶ περὶ χρημάτων εἶναι νόμον, ὅπως μὴ δανείζωνται παρʼ ἑτέρων μηδʼ ἐπʼ ἀλλοτρίας πηγὰς βαδίζωσι, μὴ πρότερον οἴκοι τὰς αὑτῶν ἀφορμὰς ἐξελέγξαντες καὶ συναγαγόντες ὥσπερ ἐκ λιβάδων τὸ χρήσιμον καὶ ἀναγκαῖον αὑτοῖς;
Should there not, then, have been a law also concerning money, so that they should not borrow from others nor go to another's springs, without first examining their own resources at home and gathering together, as if from trickles of water, what is useful and necessary for themselves?
νυνὶ δʼ ὑπὸ τρυφῆς καὶ μαλακίας ἢ πολυτελείας οὐ χρῶνται τοῖς ἑαυτῶν, ἔχοντες, ἀλλὰ λαμβάνουσιν ἐπὶ πολλῷ παρʼ ἑτέρων, μὴ δεόμενοι·
But as it is, out of luxury and softness or extravagance, they do not use their own possessions, though they have them, but take from others at high interest, when they do not need to.
τεκμήριον δὲ μέγα· τοῖς γὰρ ἀπόροις οὐ δανείζουσιν, ἀλλὰ βουλομένοις εὐπορίαν τινʼ ἑαυτοῖς κτᾶσθαι·
A great proof of this: they do not lend to the destitute, but to those who wish to acquire some abundance for themselves.
καὶ μάρτυρα δίδωσι καὶ βεδε ½ἰτανδο αερε ἀλιενο. βαιωτὴν ἄξιον, ὅτι ἔχει πιστεύεσθαι, δέον ἔχοντα μὴ δανείζεσθαι.
And the borrower provides a witness and a worthy surety, proving that he is to be trusted, when, since he has resources, he ought not to borrow.
§2τί θεραπεύεις τὸν τραπεζίτην ἢ πραγματευτήν;
Why do you flatter the banker or merchant?
ἀπὸ τῆς ἰδίας δάνεισαι τραπέζης·
Borrow from your own table.
ἐκπώματʼ ἔχεις, παροψίδας ἀργυρᾶς, λεκανίδας· ὑπόθου ταῦτα τῇ χρείᾳ·
You have cups, silver dishes, basins; pledge these for your need.
τὴν δὲ τράπεζαν ἡ καλὴ Αὐλὶς ἢ Τένεδος ἀντικοσμήσει τοῖς κεραμεοῖς, καθαρωτέροις οὖσι τῶν ἀργυρῶν·
And the beautiful Aulis or Tenedos will adorn your table in return with earthenware, which is cleaner than silver.
οὐκ ὄζει τόκου βαρὺ καὶ δυσχερὲς ὥσπερ ἰοῦ καθʼ ἡμέραν ἐπιρρυπαίνοντος τὴν πολυτέλειαν, οὐδʼ ἀναμνήσει τῶν καλανδῶν καὶ τῆς νουμηνίας, ἣν ἱερωτάτην ἡμερῶν οὖσαν ἀποφράδα ποιοῦσιν οἱ δανεισταὶ καὶ στύγιον.
These do not smell of heavy and disagreeable interest, which, like rust, daily defiles your luxury. Nor will they remind you of the Calends and the new moon, which, though the most sacred of days, the moneylenders make an ill-omened and Stygian day.
τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ἀντὶ τοῦ πωλεῖν τιθέντας ἐνέχυρα τὰ αὑτῶν οὐδʼ ἂν ὁ θεὸς σῴσειεν ὁ Κτήσιος· αἰσχύνονται τιμὴν λαμβάνοντες, οὐκ αἰσχύνονται τόκον τῶν ἰδίων διδόντες.
For those who, instead of selling, put up their own belongings as pledges, not even Zeus the God of Property could save; they are ashamed of receiving a price, but not ashamed of paying interest on their own.
καίτοι ὅ γε Περικλῆς ἐκεῖνος τὸν τῆς θεᾶς κόσμον, ἄγοντα τάλαντα τεσσαράκοντα χρυσίου ἀπέφθου, περιαιρετὸν ἐποίησεν, ὅπως, ἔφη, χρησάμενοι πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον αὖθις ἀποδῶμεν μὴ ἔλαττον· οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡμεῖς ὥσπερ ἐν πολιορκίᾳ ταῖς χρείαις μὴ παραδεχώμεθα φρουρὰν δανειστοῦ πολεμίου, μηδʼ ὁρᾶν τὰ αὑτῶν ἐπὶ δουλείᾳ διδόμενα· ἀλλὰ τῆς τραπέζης περιελόντες τὰ μὴ χρήσιμα, τῆς κοίτης, τῶν ὀχημάτων, τῆς διαίτης, ἐλευθέρους διαφυλάττωμεν ἑαυτούς, ὡς ἀποδώσοντες αὖθις, ἐὰν εὐτυχήσωμεν.
And yet the famous Pericles stripped the ornament of the goddess, weighing forty talents of refined gold, so that, as he said, "having used it for the war, we may restore not less of it." Therefore let us too, as if in a siege, not admit in our needs the garrison of a hostile moneylender, nor see our own possessions given over to slavery; but stripping from our table, our bed, our carriages, and our lifestyle whatever is not useful, let us preserve ourselves free, intending to restore them again if we prosper.
§3αἱ μὲν οὖν Ῥωμαίων γυναῖκες εἰς ἀπαρχὴν τῷ Πυθίῳ Ἀπόλλωνι τὸν κόσμον ἐπέδωκαν, ὅθεν ὁ χρυσοῦς κρατὴρ εἰς Δελφοὺς ἐπέμφθη·
The Roman women gave their ornaments as a first-offering to Pythian Apollo, from which the golden crater was sent to Delphi.
αἱ δὲ Καρχηδονίων γυναῖκες ἐκείραντο τὰς κεφαλὰς καὶ ταῖς θριξὶν ἐντεῖναι τὰς μηχανὰς καὶ τὰ ὄργανα παρέσχον ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος ἡμεῖς δὲ τὴν αὐτάρκειαν αἰσχυνόμενοι καταδουλοῦμεν ἑαυτοὺς ὑποθήκαις καὶ συμβολαίοις, δέον εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ χρήσιμα συσταλέντας καὶ συσπειραθέντας ἐκ τῶν ἀχρήστων καὶ περιττῶν κατακοπέντων ἢ πραθέντων ἐλευθερίας αὑτοῖς ἱερὸν ἱδρύσασθαι καὶ τέκνοις καὶ γυναιξίν.
And the Carthaginian women shaved their heads and provided their hair to string the engines and instruments for the sake of their country. But we, being ashamed of self-sufficiency, enslave ourselves with mortgages and contracts, when, since we ought to contract and compress ourselves into what is strictly useful, and having melted down or sold what is useless and superfluous, we should establish a temple of freedom for ourselves, our children, and our wives.
ἡ μὲν γὰρ Ἄρτεμις ἡ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ τοῖς χρεώσταις, ὅταν καταφύγωσιν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν αὐτῆς, ἀσυλίαν παρέχει καὶ ἄδειαν ἀπὸ τῶν δανείων· τὸ δὲ τῆς εὐτελείας καὶ ἄσυλον καὶ ἄβατον πανταχοῦ τοῖς σώφροσιν ἀναπέπταται, πολλῆς σχολῆς εὐρυχωρίαν παρέχον ἱλαρὰν καὶ ἐπίτιμον.
For Artemis in Ephesus provides safety and freedom from debts to debtors when they flee to her temple; but the sanctuary of frugality is open everywhere to the temperate, providing a spacious, cheerful, and honorable harbor of abundant leisure.
ὡς γὰρ ἡ Πυθία τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις περὶ τὰ Μηδικὰ τεῖχος ξύλινον διδόναι τὸν θεὸν ἔφη, κἀκεῖνοι τὴν χώραν καὶ τὴν πόλιν καὶ τὰ κτήματα καὶ τὰς οἰκίας ἀφέντες εἰς τὰς ναῦς κατέφυγον ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίας, οὕτως ἡμῖν ὁ θεὸς δίδωσι ξυλίνην τράπεζαν καὶ κεραμεᾶν λεκάνην καὶ τραχὺ ἱμάτιον, ἐὰν ἐλεύθεροι ζῆν ἐθέλωμεν.
For just as the Pythia told the Athenians at the time of the Persian Wars that the god gave them a wooden wall, and they, leaving their land, city, property, and houses, fled to the ships for the sake of freedom, so the god gives us a wooden table, an earthenware basin, and a rough cloak, if we wish to live free.
"
μηδὲ σὺ γʼ ἱπποσύνας τε μένειν,
"
μηδʼ ὀχήματα ζευκτὰ κερασφόρα καὶ κατάργυρα, ἃ τόκοι ταχεῖς καταλαμβάνουσι καὶ παρατρέχουσιν ἀλλʼ ὄνῳ τινὶ τῷ τυχόντι καὶ καβάλλῃ χρώμενος φεῦγε πολέμιον καὶ τύραννον δανειστήν, οὐ γῆν αἰτοῦντα καὶ ὕδωρ ὡς ὁ Μῆδος, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἁπτόμενον καὶ προγράφοντα τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν· κἂν μὴ διδῷς, ἐνοχλοῦντα· κἂν ἔχῃς, μὴ λαμβάνοντα· κἂν πωλῇς, ἐπευωνίζοντα· κἂν μὴ πωλῇς, ἀναγκάζοντα· κἂν δικάζῃς, ἐντυγχάνοντα· κἂν ὀμόσῃς, ἐπιτάττοντα· κἂν βαδίζῃς ἐπὶ θύρας, ἀποκλείοντα· κἂν οἴκοι μένῃς, ἐπισταθμεύοντα καὶ θυροκοποῦντα.
"Nor do you wait for the horsemen," nor for carriages yoked, horn-shaped and silver-plated, which swift interest overtakes and runs past. But using some ordinary donkey or hack, flee the hostile and tyrannical moneylender, who does not demand land and water like the Persian, but lays hold of your freedom and proscribes your civic rights; and if you do not pay, he harasses you; if you have money, he does not accept it; if you sell, he cheapens the price; if you do not sell, he forces you; if you go to court, he confronts you; if you swear an oath, he dictates; if you go to his door, he shuts you out; if you stay at home, he quarters himself upon you and beats at your door.