§3ἔστιν οὖν κενὸς ἔπαινος ὁ τῶν ἑαυτοὺς ἐπαινεῖν, ὅπως ἐπαινεθῶσι, δοκούντων καὶ καταφρονεῖται μάλιστα, φιλοτιμίας ἕνεκα γίγνεσθαι καὶ δόξης ἀκαίρου φαινόμενος.
Therefore, the praise of those who seem to praise themselves in order to be praised is empty, and is especially despised, since it appears to arise from vanity and a desire for untimely glory.
ὡς γὰρ οἱ τροφῆς ἀποροῦντες ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοῦ σώματος ἀναγκάζονται παρὰ φύσιν τρέφεσθαι, καὶ τοῦτο τοῦ λιμοῦ τέλος ἐστίν· οὕτως οἱ πεινῶντες ἐπαίνων, ἂν μὴ τυγχάνωσιν ἑτέρων ἐπαινούντων, αὐτοὶ τῇ φιλοδοξίᾳ παρʼ αὑτῶν ἐπαρκεῖν τι βούλεσθαι καὶ συνεισφέρειν δοκοῦντες, ἀσχημονοῦσιν.
For just as those who lack nourishment are forced to feed upon their own body contrary to nature, and this is the end of their hunger; so those who hunger for praise, if they do not receive it from others praising them, seem to want to provide some relief for themselves from their own resources out of vanity, and in doing so, they behave indecently.
ὅταν δὲ μηδʼ ἁπλῶς καὶ καθʼ ἑαυτοὺς ἐπαινεῖσθαι ζητῶσιν, ἀλλʼ ἁμιλλώμενοι πρὸς ἀλλοτρίους ἐπαίνους ἔργα καὶ πράξεις ἀντιπαραβάλλωσιν αὑτῶν ὡς ἀμαυρώσοντες ἑτέρους, πρὸς τῷ κενῷ βάσκανον πρᾶγμα καὶ κακόηθες ποιοῦσι.
But when they do not seek to be praised simply and on their own, but, competing with the praises of others, contrast their own deeds and actions as if to obscure those of others, they commit a malicious and ill-natured act in addition to its emptiness.
τὸν μὲν γὰρ ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ χορῷ πόδα τιθέντα, περίεργον ἡ παροιμία καὶ γελοῖον ἀποδείκνυσι τὴν δʼ ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις ἐπαίνοις εἰς μέσον ὑπὸ φθόνου καὶ ζηλοτυπίας ἐξωθουμένην περιαυτολογίαν εὖ μάλα δεῖ φυλάττεσθαι, καὶ μηδʼ ἑτέρων ἐπαινούντων αὑτὸν ὑπομένειν, ἀλλὰ παραχωρεῖν τοῖς τιμωμένοις, ἀξίοις οὖσιν ἂν δʼ ἀνάξιοι καὶ φαῦλοι δόξωσιν εἶναι, μὴ τοῖς ἰδίοις ἐπαίνοις ἀφαιρώμεθα τοὺς ἐκείνων, ἀλλʼ ἄντικρυς ἐλέγχοντες; καὶ δεικνύντες οὐ προσηκόντως εὐδοκιμοῦντας.
For the proverb shows that the one who steps into another's dance is busybody and ridiculous; but self-praise that is pushed into the midst of others' praises out of envy and jealousy must be very carefully avoided, and one should not even endure it when others are being praised, but yield to those being honored, if they are worthy; but if they seem to be unworthy and base, we should not deprive them of their praise by our own self-praise, but by directly refuting them and showing that they are not deservedly well-regarded.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν δῆλον ὅτι φυλακτέον.
It is clear, then, that we must guard against these things.
§4αὑτὸν δʼ ἐπαινεῖν ἀμέμπτως ἔστι πρῶτον μέν, ἂν ἀπολογούμενος τοῦτο ποιῇς πρὸς διαβολὴν ἢ κατηγορίαν, ὡς ὁ Περικλῆς· καίτοι ἐμοὶ τοιούτῳ ἀνδρὶ ὀργίζεσθε, ὃς οὐδενὸς ἥσσων οἴομαι εἶναι γνῶναὶ τε τὰ δέοντα καὶ ἑρμηνεῦσαι ταῦτα, φιλόπολίς τε καὶ χρημάτων κρείσσων. οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἀλαζονείαν καὶ κενότητα καὶ φιλοτιμίαν ἐκπέφευγε τῷ λέγειν τηνικαῦτα περὶ αὑτοῦ τι σεμνόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ φρόνημα καὶ μέγεθος ἀρετῆς διαδείκνυσι, τῷ μὴ ταπεινοῦσθαι ταπεινούσης; καὶ χειρουμένης τὸν φθόνον.
But one can praise oneself without blame, first of all, if you do this while defending yourself against slander or accusation, as Pericles did: "Yet you are angry with me, a man who, I believe, am second to no one in knowing what is necessary and in explaining these things, a lover of my city and superior to money." For in speaking of something noble about himself at such a moment, he not only escapes boastfulness, emptiness, and vanity, but also demonstrates high-spiritedness and the greatness of his virtue, by not being humbled, and by humbling and subduing envy.
οὐδὲ γὰρ κρίνειν ἔτι τοὺς τοιούτους ἀξιοῦσιν, ἀλλʼ ἐπαίρονται καὶ γάνυνται καὶ συνενθουσιῶσι ταῖς μεγαλαυχίαις, ἄνπερ ὦσι βέβαιοι καὶ ἀληθεῖς· ὥσπερ ἐπιμαρτυρεῖ τὰ γενόμενα.
For indeed, people no longer even deign to judge such men, but are elated, delighted, and share the enthusiasm of their grand boasting, provided that it is steadfast and true, as actual events bear witness.
Θηβαῖοι γοῦν, ἐγκαλουμένων τῶν στρατηγῶν ὅτι τοῦ χρόνου τῆς βοιωταρχίας ἐξήκοντος αὐτοῖς οὐκ εὐθὺς ἐπανῆλθον ἀλλʼ εἰς τὴν Λακωνικὴν ἐνέβαλον καὶ τὰ περὶ Μεσσήνην διῴκησαν, Πελοπίδαν μὲν ὑποπίπτοντα καὶ δεόμενον μόλις ἀπέλυσαν· Ἐπαμεινώνδου δὲ πολλὰ περὶ τῶν πεπραγμένων μεγαληγορήσαντος, τέλος δὲ φήσαντος ὡς ἕτοιμός ἐστιν ἀποθνῄσκειν, ἂν ὁμολογήσωσιν, ὅτι τὴν Μεσσήνην ᾤκισε καὶ τὴν Λακωνικὴν διεπόρθησε καὶ συνέστησεν Ἀρκαδίαν, ἀκόντων ἐκείνων οὐδὲ τὰς ψήφους ἀναλαβεῖν ἐπʼ αὐτὸν ὑπέμειναν, ἀλλὰ θαυμάζοντες τὸν ἄνδρα καὶ χαίροντες ἅμα καὶ γελῶντες ἀπηλλάγησαν. ·
The Thebans, at any rate, when their generals were accused because they did not return immediately when the term of their Boeotarchy expired, but invaded Laconia and settled the affairs around Messene, barely acquitted Pelopidas, who humbled himself and begged; but when Epaminondas spoke grandly of his achievements and finally said that he was ready to die, provided they agreed that he had settled Messene, devastated Laconia, and united Arcadia against their will, they did not even endure to take the votes against him, but departed admiring the man, rejoicing and laughing at the same time.
ὅθεν οὐδὲ τοῦ Ὁμηρικοῦ Σθενέλου παντάπασιν αἰτιατέον τὸ
"ἡμεῖς τοι πατέρων μέγʼ ἀμείνονες εὐχόμεθʼ εἶναι,"
μεμνημένους τοῦ
"
ὤ μοι, Τυδέος υἱὲ δαΐφρονος ἱπποδάμοιο,
τί πτώσσεις;
Hence, not even the Homeric Sthenelus is to be entirely blamed for saying: "We boast to be far better than our fathers," when we remember the words: "Ah me, son of wise Tydeus, tamer of horses, why do you shrink?
τί δʼ ὀπιπεύεις πολέμοιο γεφύρας; "
οὐδὲ γὰρ αὐτὸς ἀκούσας κακῶς ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ τοῦ φίλου λοιδορηθέντος ἠμύνατο, τῇ περιαυτολογίᾳ παρρησίαν συγγνώμονα τῆς αἰτίας διδούσης.
Why do you peer at the bridges of war?" For he did not defend himself after being personally defamed, but defended his friend who had been insulted, with his self-praise granting a pardonable freedom of speech because of the cause.
ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι Κικέρωνι μὲν ἐδυσχέραινον ἐγκωμιάζοντι πολλάκις ἑαυτοῦ τὰς περὶ Κατιλίναν πράξεις, Σκιπίωνι δʼ εἰπόντι μὴ πρέπειν αὐτοῖς κρίνειν περὶ Σκιπίωνος, διʼ ὃν ἔχουσι τὸ κρίνειν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις, στεφανωσάμενοι συνανέβησαν εἰς τὸ Καπιτώλιον καὶ συνέθυσαν.
Indeed, the Romans also were displeased with Cicero, who often praised his own deeds concerning Catiline, but when Scipio said that it was not fitting for them to judge Scipio, through whom they had the power to judge all men, they put on crowns, went up with him to the Capitol, and sacrificed with him.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἀναγκαίως ἀλλʼ ὑπὲρ δόξης ἐχρῆτο τοῖς ἐπαίνοις, τοῦ δʼ ἀφῄρει τὸν φθόνον ὁ κίνδυνος.
For the former used praise not out of necessity but for the sake of glory, while in the case of the latter, the danger removed the envy.