§6ἀνάγκη τοίνυν τὰ πάθη ταῦτα τοῖς αὐτοῖς ὥσπερ τὰ φυτὰ καὶ τρέφεσθαι καὶ αὔξεσθαι καὶ ἐπιγίγνεσθαι πέφυκεν ἀλλήλοις.
Therefore, it is necessary that these passions have a nature, in the same people, just as plants, to be nourished, to grow, and to arise in succession to one another.
μισοῦμέν γε μᾶλλον τοὺς μᾶλλον εἰς πονηρίαν ἐπιδιδόντας, φθονοῦσι δὲ μᾶλλον τοὺς μᾶλλον ἐπʼ ἀρετῇ προϊέναι δοκοῦσι.
Indeed, we hate more those who advance more into wickedness, but they envy more those who seem to progress more in virtue.
διὸ καὶ Θεμιστοκλῆς ἔτι μειράκιον ὢν οὐδὲν ἔφη πράττειν λαμπρόν· οὔπω γὰρ φθονεῖσθαι.
Therefore even Themistocles, while still a youth, said that he was doing nothing brilliant; for he was not yet envied.
καθάπερ γὰρ αἱ κανθαρίδες ἐμφύονται μάλιστα τῷ ἀκμάζοντι σίτῳ καὶ τοῖς εὐθαλέσι ῥόδοις, οὕτως ὁ φθόνος ἅπτεται μάλιστα τῶν χρηστῶν καὶ αὐξομένων πρὸς ἀρετὴν καὶ δόξαν ἠθῶν καὶ προσώπων.
For just as beetles especially attach themselves to the grain in its prime and to the blooming roses, so envy especially cleaves to the characters and persons of those who are excellent and growing toward virtue and reputation.
καὶ τοὐναντίον αὖ πάλιν αἱ μὲν ἄκρατοι πονηρίαι συνεπιτείνουσι τὸ μῖσος.
And on the contrary, again, unmixed wickednesses intensify hatred.
τοὺς γοῦν Σωκράτη συκοφαντήσαντας ὡς εἰς ἔσχατον κακίας ἐληλακότας οὕτως ἐμίσησαν οἱ πολῖται καὶ ἀπεστράφησαν, ὡς μήτε πῦρ αὔειν μήτε ἀποκρίνεσθαι πυνθανομένοις μήτʼ λουομένοις κοινωνεῖν ὕδατος, ἀλλʼ ἀναγκάζειν ἐκχεῖν ἐκεῖνο τοὺς παραχύτας ὡς μεμιασμένον, ἕως ἀπήγξαντο μὴ φέροντες τὸ μῖσος.
At any rate, the citizens so hated and turned away from those who slandered Socrates, as having driven to the extreme of wickedness, that they would neither light a fire for them, nor answer them when they asked questions, nor share water with them when they bathed, but forced the bath-attendants to pour that water out as defiled, until they hanged themselves, unable to bear the hatred.
αἱ δὲ τῶν εὐτυχημάτων ὑπεροχαὶ καὶ λαμπρότητες πολλάκις τὸν φθόνον κατασβεννύουσιν.
But the eminences and brilliances of good fortunes often extinguish envy.
οὐ γὰρ εἰκὸς Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τινὰ φθονεῖν οὐδὲ Κύρῳ, κρατήσασι καὶ γενομένοις κυρίοις ἁπάντων.
For it is not likely that anyone envies Alexander or Cyrus, who conquered and became masters of all.
ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ ὁ ἥλιος, ὧν ἂν ὑπὲρ κορυφῆς γένηται, καταχεόμενος τὸ φῶς ἢ παντάπασι τὴν σκιὰν ἀνεῖλεν ἢ μικρὰν ἐποίησεν, οὕτω πολὺ τῶν ὕψος λαβόντων καὶ γενομένων κατὰ κεφαλῆς τοῦ φθόνου, συστέλλεται καὶ ἀναχωρεῖ καταλαμπόμενος.
But just as the sun, over whose head he may come, pouring down his light, either altogether removes the shadow or makes it small, so in those who have taken a great height and have come to be over the head of envy, it is contracted and departs, being shone upon.
τὸ μέντοι μῖσος οὐκ ἀνίησιν ἡ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑπεροχὴ καὶ δύναμις.
However, the eminence and power of enemies does not remit hatred.
ὁ γοῦν Ἀλέξανδρος φθονοῦντα μὲν οὐδένʼ εἶχε, μισοῦντας δὲ πολλοὺς ὑφʼ ὧν τέλος ἐπιβουλευθεὶς ἀπέθανεν.
At any rate, Alexander had no one envying him, but many hating him, by whom at last he died having been plotted against.
ὁμοίως τοίνυν καὶ τὰ δυστυχήματα τοὺς μὲν φθονοῦντας παύει τὰς δʼ αὖ ἔχθρας οὐκ ἀναιρεῖ· μισοῦσι γὰρ καὶ ταπεινοὺς τοὺς ἐχθροὺς γενομένους, φθονεῖ δʼ οὐδεὶς τῷ δυστυχοῦντι.
In like manner, therefore, misfortunes also stop those who envy, but on the other hand do not remove enmities; for they hate even their enemies when they have become low, but no one envies the unfortunate.
ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπό τινος τῶν καθʼ ἡμᾶς σοφιστῶν, ὅτι ἥδισθʼ οἱ φθονοῦντες ἐλεοῦσιν, ἀληθές ἐστιν· ὥστε καὶ ταύτῃ μεγάλην εἶναι τῶν παθῶν διαφοράν, ὡς τὸ μὲν μῖσος οὔτʼ εὐτυχούντων οὔτε δυστυχούντων ἀφίστασθαι πέφυκεν, ὁ δὲ φθόνος πρὸς τὴν ἀμφοῖν ὑπερβολὴν ἀπαγορεύει.
Nay, even what was said by one of the sophists of our time, that "envious people pity most pleasantly," is true; so that in this way too there is a great difference between the passions, as hatred is of a nature not to depart either from those who fare well or from those who fare ill, but envy gives up at the excess of both.
§7ἔτι τοίνυν καὶ μᾶλλον οὕτως ἀπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων ταὐτὸ σκοπῶμεν.
Furthermore, therefore, and more so, let us view the same thing from the opposites.
λύουσι γὰρ ἔχθρας καὶ μῖσος ἢ πεισθέντες μηδὲν ἀδικεῖσθαι, ἢ δόξαν ὡς χρηστῶν, οὓς ἐμίσουν ὡς πονηρούς, λαβόντες· ἢ τρίτον εὖ παθόντες·
For they dissolve enmities and hatred either being persuaded that they are in no way wronged, or having received a reputation of being excellent, whom they hated as wicked; or thirdly, having received benefits.
ἡ γὰρ τελευταία χάρις
ὡς Θουκυδίδης φησὶ
κἂν ἐλάττων ᾖ, καιρὸν ἔχουσα δύναται μεῖζον ἔγκλημα λῦσαι
τούτων δὲ τὸ μὲν πρῶτον οὐ λύει τὸν φθόνον· πεπεισμένοι γὰρ ἐξ ἀρχῆς μηδὲν ἀδικεῖσθαι φθονοῦσι τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ καὶ παροξύνει τοῖς τε γὰρ δοκοῦσι χρηστοῖς βασκαίνουσι μᾶλλον, ὡς δὴ τὸ μέγιστον ἀγαθὸν τὴν ἀρετὴν ἔχουσι κἂν εὖ πάσχωσιν ὑπὸ τῶν εὐτυχούντων, ἀνιῶνται, φθονοῦντες αὐτοῖς καὶ τῆς προαιρέσεως καὶ τῆς δυνάμεως· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀρετῆς ἐστι τὸ δʼ εὐτυχίας,. ἀγαθὰ δʼ ἀμφότερα, διὸ παντελῶς ἕτερόν ἐστι τοῦ μίσους πάθος ὁ φθόνος, εἰ, διʼ ὧν ἐκεῖνο πραΰνεται, τοῦτο λυπεῖται καὶ παροξύνεται.
"For the last benefit," as Thucydides says, "even if it be smaller, having a proper season, is able to dissolve a greater complaint." But of these, the first does not dissolve envy; for being persuaded from the beginning that they are in no way wronged, they envy; and the remaining things even provoke it; for they are more envious of those who seem excellent, as having virtue which is the greatest good, and even if they receive benefits from the fortunate, they are grieved, envying them both for their purpose and for their power; for the former is of virtue and the latter of fortune, and both are good things; wherefore envy is a passion altogether other than hatred, if, by the things through which the latter is softened, the former is grieved and provoked.
§8ἤδη τοίνυν καὶ τὴν προαίρεσιν αὐτὴν ἑκατέρου πάθους σκοπῶμεν.
Now therefore let us also consider the purpose itself of each passion.
ἔστι δὲ μισοῦντος μὲν προαίρεσις κακῶς ποιῆσαι κατὰ δύναμιν· καὶ οὕτως ὁρίζονται, διάθεσίν τινα καὶ προαίρεσιν ἐπιτηρητικὴν τοῦ κακῶς ποιῆσαι.
And the purpose of the one who hates is to do harm according to one's power; and thus they define it, as a certain disposition and purpose observant of doing harm.
τῷ φθόνῳ δὲ τοῦτο γοῦν ἄπεστι πολλοὺς γὰρ οἱ φθονοῦντες τῶν συνήθων καὶ οἰκείων ἀπολέσθαι μὲν οὐκ ἂν ἐθέλοιεν οὐδὲ δυστυχῆσαι, βαρύνονται δʼ εὐτυχοῦντας· καὶ κωλύουσι μέν, εἰ δύνανται, τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν καὶ λαμπρότητα, συμφορὰς δʼ ἀνηκέστους οὐκ ἂν προσβάλοιεν· ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ οἰκίας ὑπερεχούσης τὸ ἐπισκοτοῦν αὐτοῖς καθελόντες ἀρκοῦνται.
But from envy, at least this is absent; for many of their companions and relatives, the envious would not wish to perish nor to suffer misfortune, but they are burdened by them faring well; and they do prevent, if they can, their reputation and brilliance, but they would not inflict irremediable calamities; but just as if they demolished the part of a towering house that casts a shadow on them, they are satisfied.