Humanitext Reader

Plutarch · On Tranquillity of Mind §20

Life as a Divine Festival and the Sacred Cosmos

Passage 13 of 13 · Greek

Summary

Citing the words of Diogenes, the author shows that the cosmos is a sacred temple and life itself is the most perfect festival. He criticizes the multitude who only wait for external, man-made festivals, while defiling life—the great festival provided by god—with melancholy and anxiety.

§20ἄγαμαι δὲ καὶ τοῦ Διογένους, ὃς τὸν ἐν Λακεδαίμονι, ξένον ὁρῶν παρασκευαζόμενον εἰς ἑορτήν τινα καὶ φιλοτιμούμενον ἀνὴρ δʼ εἶπεν ἀγαθὸς οὐ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἑορτὴν ἡγεῖται καὶ πάνυ γε λαμπράν, εἰ σωφρονοῦμεν, ἱερὸν γὰρ ἁγιώτατον ὁ κόσμος ἐστὶ καὶ θεοπρεπέστατον·
And I admire Diogenes too, who, seeing a stranger in Lacedaemon preparing for a certain festival and taking pride in it, said: "Does not a good man consider every day a festival?" And indeed a very splendid one, if we are wise.
εἰς δὲ τοῦτον ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰσάγεται διὰ τῆς γενέσεως οὐ χειροκμήτων. οὐδʼ ἀκινήτων ἀγαλμάτων θεατής, ἀλλʼ οἷα νοῦς θεῖος αἰσθητὰ νοητῶν μιμήματα, φησὶν ὁ Πλάτων, ἔμφυτον ἀρχὴν ζωῆς ἔχοντα καὶ κινήσεως ἔφηνεν, ἥλιον καὶ σελήνην καὶ ἄστρα καὶ ποταμοὺς νέον ὕδωρ ἐξιέντας ἀεὶ καὶ γῆν φυτοῖς τε καὶ ζῴοις τροφὰς ἀναπέμπουσαν.
For the cosmos is a most holy and most god-befitting temple; into this, man is introduced through birth, not as a spectator of hand-made or motionless statues, but of things which the divine mind has revealed—sensible imitations of intelligible things, as Plato says—having an innate principle of life and motion: the sun and moon and stars, and rivers always sending forth fresh water, and the earth sending up nourishment for plants and animals.
ὧν τὸν βίον μύησιν ὄντα καὶ τελετὴν τελειοτάτην εὐθυμίας δεῖ μεστὸν εἶναι καὶ γήθους.
Since life is an initiation into these things and a most perfect ritual, it ought to be full of tranquility and joy.
οὐχ ὥσπερ οἱ πολλοὶ Κρόνια καὶ Διάσια καὶ Παναθήναια καὶ τοιαύτας ἄλλας ἡμέρας περιμένουσιν; ἵνʼ ἡσθῶσι καὶ ἀναπέμψωσιν ὠνητὸν γέλωτα, μίμοις καὶ ὀρχησταῖς μισθοὺς τελέσαντες.
Is it not different from the way the multitude wait for the Saturnalia and Diasia and Panathenaea and other such days, in order that they may enjoy themselves and burst into bought laughter, having paid wages to mimes and dancers?
εἶτʼ ἐκεῖ μὲν εὔφημοι καθήμεθα κοσμίως· οὐδεὶς γὰρ ὀδύρεται μυούμενος οὐδὲ θρηνεῖ Πύθια θεώμενος ἢ πίνων ἐν Κρονίοις·
Then, indeed, we sit there decorously keeping holy silence; for no one laments while being initiated, nor wails while watching the Pythian games or drinking at the Saturnalia.
ἃς δʼ ὁ θεὸς ἡμῖν ἑορτὰς χορηγεῖ καὶ μυσταγωγεῖ καταισχύνουσιν, ἐν ὀδυρμοῖς τὰ πολλὰ καὶ βαρυθυμίαις καὶ μερίμναις ἐπιπόνοις διατρίβοντες.
But the festivals which the god provides for us and in which he initiates us, they defile, spending most of their time in lamentations, despondency, and painful cares.
καὶ τῶν μὲν ὀργάνων χαίρουσι, τοῖς ἐπιτερπὲς ἠχοῦσι καὶ τῶν ὀρνέων τοῖς ᾄδουσι, καὶ τὰ παίζοντα καὶ σκιρτῶντα τῶν ζῴων ἡδέως ὁρῶσι, καὶ τοὐναντίον ὠρυομένοις καὶ βρυχωμένοις καὶ σκυθρωπάζουσιν· ἀνιῶνται τὸν δʼ ἑαυτῶν βίον ἀμειδῆ καὶ κατηφῆ καὶ τοῖς ἀτερπεστάτοις καὶ πάθεσι καὶ πράγμασι καὶ φροντίσι μηδὲν πέρας ἐχούσαις πιεζόμενον ἀεὶ καὶ συνθλιβόμενον ὁρῶντες, οὐχ ὅπως αὐτοὶ μὲν ἑαυτοῖς ἀναπνοήν τινα καὶ ῥᾳστώνην πορίζουσί ποθὲν, ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ἑτέρων παρακαλούντων προσδέχονται λόγον, χρώμενοι καὶ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἀμέμπτως συνοίσονται καὶ τῶν γεγονότων εὐχαρίστως μνημονεύσουσι, καὶ πρὸς τὸ λοιπὸν ἵλεων τὴν ἐλπίδα καὶ φαιδρὰν ἔχοντες ἀδεῶς καὶ ἀνυπόπτως προσάξουσιν.
And while they delight in instruments that sound pleasingly, and in birds that sing, and gladly look upon animals playing and skipping, and on the contrary are vexed by those that howl and roar and look sullen; yet, seeing their own life smile-less and dejected, and always oppressed and crushed by the most unpleasant passions, activities, and endless cares, not only do they not provide some breathing-space and ease for themselves from somewhere, but they do not even accept the word of others who encourage them—by employing which they would both bear with the present without complaint, and remember the past with gratitude, and for the future, keeping their hope gracious and bright, would go forward without fear and suspicion.

Notes

  1. 477cἀνὴρ δʼ ἀγαθὸς οὐ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν ἑορτὴν ἡγεῖται; — While this sentence is sometimes transmitted as a declarative statement in manuscripts, in this context it is more naturally interpreted as a rhetorical question asked by Diogenes: "Does not a good man consider every day a festival?"
  2. 477dὧν τὸν βίον μύησιν ὄντα — The genitive relative pronoun ὧν takes the preceding cosmic wonders (the sun, moon, earth, etc.) as its antecedent and modifies "life (βίος)." It conveys the nuance of "life as an initiation into and contemplation of these things."
  3. 477fοὐχ ὅπως ... ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ ... — The correlative construction οὐχ ὅπως ... ἀλλ' οὐδ' means "not only do they not... but they do not even..." It forms a strong negative contrast: "not only do they not provide ease for themselves, but they do not even accept the words of others."
  4. 477fχρώμενοι — This is a suspected corruption in the text, where the relative pronoun ᾧ is usually supplied to read ᾧ χρώμενοι ("by employing which"). The participle χρώμενοι expresses a conditional sense ("if they were to employ it"), with the subsequent future indicatives συνοίσονται, etc., acting as the apodosis.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, On Tranquillity of Mind §20. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg096.humanitext-grc2:20

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