§11ΦΟΥΝΔ.πάντων δὲ τῶν παθῶν ἐθισμοῦ δεομένων, οἷον δαμάζοντος καὶ καταθλοῦντος ἀσκήσει τὸ ἄλογον καὶ δυσπειθές, οὐ πρὸς ἄλλο μᾶλλον ἔστιν ἐγγυμνάσασθαι τοῖς οἰκέταις ἢ πρὸς τὸν θυμόν.
FUNDANUS. Since all passions stand in need of training, which, as it were, tames and subdues by practice the irrational and disobedient part of the soul, there is no other object against which one can better exercise oneself than anger, by means of one's slaves.
οὔτε γὰρ φθόνος οὔτε φόβος οὔτε φιλοτιμία τις ἐγγίγνεται πρὸς αὐτούς· ὀργαὶ δὲ συνεχεῖς πολλὰ ποιοῦσαι προσκρούματα καὶ σφάλματα διὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν ὥσπερ ἐν ὀλισθηρῷ χωρίῳ, μηδενὸς ἐνισταμένου μηδὲ κωλύοντος, ὑποφέρουσιν.
For neither envy nor fear nor any ambition arises towards them; but constant angers, producing many collisions and slips because of our authority, as if in a slippery place where no one stands in the way or prevents, drag us down.
οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἀναμάρτητον ἐν πάθει τὸ ἀνυπεύθυνον κατασχεῖν, μὴ πολλῇ τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐμπεριλαβόντα πραότητι μηδὲ πολλὰς ὑπομείναντα φωνὰς γυναικὸς καὶ φίλων ἐγκαλούντων ἀτονίαν καὶ ῥᾳθυμίαν.
For it is not possible to keep oneself guiltless in passion when one is irresponsible, unless one surrounds one's authority with much gentleness, and endures many voices of wife and friends accusing him of slackness and negligence.
οἷς μάλιστα παρωξυνόμην καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπὶ τοὺς οἰκέτας ὡς τῷ μὴ κολάζεσθαι διαφθειρομένους.
By which things I myself was especially provoked against the slaves, thinking that they were being ruined by not being punished.
ὀψὲ μέντοι συνεῖδον, ὅτι πρῶτον μὲν ἐκείνους ἀνεξικακίᾳ χείρονας ποιεῖν βέλτιόν ἐστιν ἢ πικρίᾳ καὶ θυμῷ διαστρέφειν ἑαυτὸν εἰς ἑτέρων ἐπανόρθωσιν ἔπειτα πολλοὺς ὁρῶν αὐτῷ τῷ μὴ κολάζεσθαι πολλάκις αἰδουμένους κακοὺς εἶναι καὶ μεταβολῆς ἀρχὴν τὴν συγγνώμην μᾶλλον ἢ τὴν τιμωρίαν λαμβάνοντας, καὶ νὴ Δία δουλεύοντας ἑτέροις ἀπὸ νεύματος καὶ σιωπῇ καὶ προθυμότερον ἢ μετὰ πληγῶν καὶ στιγμάτων ἑτέροις, ἐπειθόμην ἡγεμονικώτερον εἶναι τοῦ θυμοῦ τὸν λογισμόν.
Late, however, I came to see, first, that it is better to make them worse by forbearance than to distort oneself by bitterness and anger for the correction of others; second, seeing that many, by the very fact of not being punished, are often ashamed to be bad, and take forgiveness rather than punishment as the beginning of a change, and, by Zeus, that some serve others at a nod and in silence, and more eagerly than others do who are subjected to blows and brands, I became convinced that reason is more fit to rule than anger.
οὐ γάρ, ὡς ὁ ποιητὴς εἶπεν
"ἵνα γὰρ δέος, ἔνθα καὶ αἰδώς· "
ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον αἰδουμένοις ὁ σωφρονίζων ἐγγίγνεται φόβος.
For it is not, as the poet said, "where there is fear, there is also shame"; but on the contrary, in those who feel shame, the fear that brings self-control arises.
ἡ δὲ συνεχὴς πληγὴ καὶ ἀπαραίτητος οὐ μετάνοιαν ἐμποιεῖ τοῦ κακουργεῖν ἀλλὰ τοῦ λανθάνειν πρόνοιαν μᾶλλον.
And continuous and relentless beating does not produce repentance for doing wrong, but rather foresight to escape notice.
τρίτον ἀεὶ μνημονεύων καὶ διανοούμενος πρὸς ἐμαυτόν, ὡς οὔθʼ ὁ τοξεύειν ἡμᾶς διδάξας ἐκώλυσε βάλλειν ἀλλὰ μὴ διαμαρτάνειν, οὔτε τῷ κολάζειν ἐμποδὼν ἔσται τὸ διδάσκειν εὐκαίρως τοῦτο ποιεῖν καὶ μετρίως καὶ ὠφελίμως καὶ πρεπόντως πειρῶμαι τὴν ὀργὴν ἀφαιρεῖν μάλιστα τῷ μὴ παραιρεῖσθαι τῶν κολαζομένων τὴν δικαιολογίαν ἀλλʼ ἀκούειν.
Thirdly, always remembering and considering with myself that neither did the one who taught us to shoot arrows forbid us to shoot but rather to miss the mark, nor will the teaching to be moderate be a hindrance to punishing, but it teaches to do this opportunely, moderately, usefully, and properly, I try to remove my anger, especially by not depriving the punished of their defense but by listening to them.
ὅ τε γὰρ χρόνος ἐμποιεῖ τῷ πάθει διατριβὴν καὶ μέλλησιν ἐκλύουσαν ἥ τε κρίσις εὑρίσκει καὶ τρόπον πρέποντα καὶ μέγεθος ἁρμόττον κολάσεως· ἔτι δʼ οὐχ ὑπολείπεται πρόφασις τῷ διδόντι δίκην ἀντιτείνειν πρὸς τὴν ἐπανόρθωσιν, ἂν μὴ κατʼ ὀργὴν ἀλλʼ ἐξελεγχθεὶς κολάζηται τὸ τʼ αἴσχιστον οὐ πρόσεστι, φαίνεσθαι δικαιότερα τοῦ δεσπότου λέγοντα τὸν οἰκέτην.
For time brings a delay and a slackening that dissolves the passion, and judgment finds both a proper method and a fitting magnitude of punishment; moreover, no excuse is left for the one paying the penalty to resist the correction, if he is punished not in anger but after being convicted; and the most shameful thing is absent—namely, the slave appearing to speak more justly than the master.
ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ Φωκίων μετὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τελευτὴν οὐκ ἐῶν προεξανίστασθαι τοὺς Ἀθηναίους οὐδὲ ταχὺ πιστεύειν,
εἰ σήμερον
εἶπεν
ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι τέθνηκε, καὶ αὔριον ἔσται καὶ εἰς τρίτην τεθνηκώς
οὕτως οἶμαι δεῖν ὑποβάλλειν ἑαυτῷ τὸν σπεύδοντα διʼ ὀργὴν ἐπὶ τὴν τιμωρίαν,
εἰ σήμερον οὗτος ἠδίκηκε, καὶ αὔριον ἔσται καὶ εἰς τρίτην ἠδικηκώς· καὶ δεινὸν οὐδέν, εἰ δώσει δίκην βράδιον, ἀλλʼ εἰ ταχὺ παθὼν ἀεὶ φανεῖται μὴ ἀδικῶν· ὅπερ ἤδη συμβέβηκε πολλάκις.
Just as, then, Phocion, after the death of Alexander, preventing the Athenians from rising up prematurely or believing quickly, said: "If he is dead today, Athenians, he will be dead tomorrow also, and on the day after," so I think the one who is hastening in anger to punishment ought to suggest to himself: "If this man has done wrong today, he will have done wrong tomorrow also, and on the day after"; and there is nothing terrible if he pays the penalty later, but it is terrible if, having suffered quickly, he should ever appear not to have done wrong—which has already happened many times.
τίς. γὰρ ἡμῶν οὕτω δεινός ἐστιν, ὥστε μαστιγοῦν καὶ κολάζειν δοῦλον, ὅτι πέμπτην ἢ δεκάτην ἡμέραν προσέκαυσε τοὖψον ἢ κατέβαλε τὴν τράπεζαν ἢ βράδιον ὑπήκουσε;
For who of us is so harsh as to flog and punish a slave because, on the fifth or tenth day before, he burnt the meat, or overturned the table, or was slow to answer?
καὶ μὴν ταῦτʼ ἐστὶν ἐφʼ οἷς εὐθὺς γενομένοις καὶ προσφάτοις οὖσι ταραττόμεθα καὶ πικρῶς καὶ ἀπαραιτήτως ἔχομεν.
And yet these are the very things at which, when they have just happened and are fresh, we are disturbed and act bitterly and relentlessly.
ὡς γὰρ διʼ ὁμίχλης τὰ σώματα, καὶ διʼ ὀργῆς τὰ πράγματα μείζονα φαίνεται.
For as bodies appear larger through mist, so do matters through anger.
διὸ δεῖ ταχὺ συμμνημονεύειν τῶν ὁμοίων, καὶ τοῦ πάθους ἔξωθεν ὄνταςἀνυπόπτως, ἂν καθαρῷ τῷ λογισμῷ καὶ καθεστῶτι φαίνηται μοχθηρόν, ἐπιστραφῆναι, καὶ μὴ προέσθαι τότε μηδʼ ἀφεῖναι τὴν κόλασιν ὥσπερ σιτίον ἀνορέκτους γεγονότας.
Therefore, one must quickly recall similar instances, and being outside the passion, if to a pure and calm reason the deed appears wicked, return to it without suspicion, and not then abandon or let go of the punishment, like those who have become without appetite for food.
οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτως αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ παρούσης ὀργῆς κολάζειν, ὡς τὸ παυσαμένης μὴ κολάζειν ἀλλʼ ἐκλελύσθαι, καὶ ταὐτὸ πεπονθέναι τοῖς ἀργοῖς κωπηλάταις, οἳ γαλήνης ὁρμοῦσιν εἶτα κινδυνεύουσιν ἀνέμῳ πλέοντες.
For nothing is so much the cause of punishing while anger is present, as the not punishing when it has ceased but becoming relaxed, and suffering the same as lazy rowers who anchor in a calm and then run risks by sailing in a wind.
καὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς τοῦ λογισμοῦ κατεγνωκότες ἀτονίαν καὶ μαλακίαν ἐν τῷ κολάζειν, σπεύδομεν παρόντι τῷ θυμῷ καθάπερ πνεύματι παραβόλως.
For we too, having condemned the slackness and softness of our reason in punishing, hasten headlong with the present anger as if with a wind.
τροφῇ μὲν γὰρ ὁ πεινῶν κατὰ φύσιν χρῆται τιμωρίᾳ δʼ ὁ μὴ πεινῶν μηδὲ διψῶν αὐτῆς, μηδʼ ὥσπερ ὄψου πρὸς τὸ κολάσαι τοῦ θυμοῦ δεόμενος, ἀλλʼ ὅταν πορρωτάτω τοῦ ὀρέγεσθαι γένηται προσάγων τὸν λογισμὸν ἀναγκαίως.
For the hungry man indeed uses food according to nature, but the one who does not hunger or thirst for it should use punishment, not needing anger like a sauce to punish, but bringing in reason of necessity when he is farthest removed from desiring it.
οὐ γάρ, ὡς Ἀριστοτέλης ἱστορεῖ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἐν Τυρρηνίᾳ μαστιγοῦσθαι τοὺς οἰκέτας πρὸς αὐλόν, οὕτω πρὸς ἡδονὴν δεῖ καθάπερ ἀπολαύσματος ὀρέξει τῆς τιμωρίας ἐμφορεῖσθαι καὶ χαίρειν κολάζοντας εἶτα μετανοεῖν· ὧν τὸ μὲν θηριῶδες τὸ δὲ γυναικῶδες· ἀλλὰ καὶ λύπης καὶ ἡδονῆς χωρὶς ἐν τῷ τοῦ λογισμοῦ χρόνῳ τὴν δίκην κομίζεσθαι μὴ ὑπολείποντας τῷ θυμῷ πρόφασιν.
For not as Aristotle records that in Tyrrhenia slaves are flogged to the flute, so ought we to be filled with punishment for pleasure, as if with a desire for enjoyment, and to rejoice while punishing and then repent; of which things the one is beastly, the other womanish; but apart from both pain and pleasure, we should exact the penalty in the time of reason, leaving no excuse for anger.