§11πολλὰ δʼ ἄλλα τοιαῦτʼ
ἔφην ἐγὼ
παρελθὼν τὸν Πλάτωνα προσάξομαι λέγοντα κόσμον ἕνα, ὡς εἴπερ εἰσὶ παρὰ τοῦτον ἕτεροι καὶ μὴ μόνος οὗτος εἷς, πέντε τοὺς πάντας ὄντας καὶ μὴ πλείονας.
"Passing over many other such points," said I, "I will bring in Plato as saying that there is one cosmos, but that if there are others besides this one and this is not the only single one, there are five in all and no more.
μὴν ἀλλὰ κἂν εἷς οὗτος μονογενής, ὡς οἴεται καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης, τρόπον τινὰ καὶ τοῦτον ἐκ πέντε συγκείμενον κόσμων καὶ συνηρμοσμένον εἶναι· ὧν ὁ μὲν ἐστι γῆς ὁ δʼ ὕδατος, τρίτος δὲ πυρὸς καὶ τέταρτος ἀέρος·
Nay, even if this cosmos is one and unique, as Aristotle also thinks, in a certain way this too is composed of five cosmoses and fitted together; of which one is of earth, the second of water, the third of fire, and the fourth of air.
τὸν δὲ πέμπτον οὐρανὸν οἱ δὲ φῶς οἱ δʼ αἰθέρα καλοῦσιν, οἱ δʼ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πέμπτην οὐσίαν, τὸ κύκλῳ περιφέρεσθαι μόνῃ τῶν σωμάτων κατὰ φύσιν ἐστίν, οὐκ ἐξ ἀνάγκης οὔτʼ ἄλλως συμβεβηκὸς δὴ καὶ τὰ πέντε καὶ κάλλιστα καὶ τελεώτατα σχήματα τῶν ἐν τῇ φύσει κατανοήσας, πυραμίδα καὶ κύβον καὶ ὀκτάεδρον καὶ εἰκοσάεδρον καὶ δωδεκάεδρον, ἕκαστον οἰκείως ἑκάστῳ προσένειμεν. §12εἰσὶ δʼ οἳ καὶ τὰς τῶν αἰσθήσεων δυνάμεις ἰσαρίθμους οὔσας τοῖς πρώτοις ἐκείνοις συνοικειοῦσι, τὴν μὲν ἁφὴν ὁρῶντες ἀντίτυπον οὖσαν καὶ γεώδη, τὴν δὲ γεῦσιν ὑγρότητι τῶν γευστῶν τὰς ποιότητας προσιεμένην.
And the fifth some call heaven, others light, others ether, and others this very thing, the fifth essence, to which alone of bodies circular motion is natural by nature, and not by necessity or otherwise accidental; and indeed, having understood the five most beautiful and perfect shapes in nature—the pyramid, the cube, the octahedron, the icosahedron, and the dodecahedron—he assigned each appropriately to each." And there are some who also associate the powers of the senses, being equal in number, with those first elements, seeing that touch is resistant and earthy, and taste receives the qualities of things tasted through the moisture.
ἀὴρ δὲ πληγεὶς ἐν ἀκοῇ γίγνεται φωνὴ καὶ ψόφος.
And air when struck in hearing becomes voice and sound.
δυεῖν δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ὀσμὴ μέν, ἣν ἡ ὄσφρσις εἴληχεν, ἀναθυμίασις οὖσα καὶ γεννωμένη θερμότητι πυρῶδές ἐστιν· αἰθέρι δὲ καὶ φωτὶ διὰ συγγένειαν διαλαμπούσης τῆς ὄψεως γίγνεται κρᾶσις ἀμφοῖν ὁμοιοπαθὴς καὶ σύμπηξις.
Of the remaining two, smell, which is allotted to olfaction, being an exhalation and generated by heat, is of the nature of fire; and sight, shining through because of its relationship to ether and light, there occurs a mixture and blending of both with like affection.
ἄλλην δʼ οὔτε τὸ ζῷον αἴσθησιν οὔτε ὁ κόσμος ἔχει φύσιν ἁπλῆν καὶ ἄμικτον ἀλλὰ θαυμαστή τις, ὡς ἔοικε, διανομὴ γέγονε τῶν πέντε πρὸς τὰ πέντε καὶ σύλληξις.
And neither does the animal have any other sense, nor the cosmos any other simple and unmixed nature, but there has been, as it seems, a wonderful distribution and pairing of the five to the five.
§13ἅμα δέ πως ἐπιστήσας καὶ διαλιπών
οἷον
εἶπον
ὦ Εὔστροφε, πεπόνθαμεν, ὀλίγου παρελθόντες τὸν Ὅμηρον, ὡς οὐχὶ πρῶτον εἰς πέντε νείμαντα μερίδας τὸν κόσμον, ὃς τὰς μὲν ἐν μέσῳ τρεῖς ἀποδέδωκε τοῖς τρισὶ θεοῖς, δύο δὲ τὰς ἄκρας ὄλυμπον καὶ γῆν, ὧν ἡ μέν ἐστι τῶν κάτω πέρας ἡ δὲ τῶν ἄνω, κοινὰς καὶ ἀνεμήτους ἀφῆκεν.
And at the same time, pausing and interrupting myself, I said, "O Eustrophus, we have suffered a near-miss, having almost passed over Homer, as though he were not the first to divide the cosmos into five parts, who assigned the three middle ones to the three gods, and left the two extremes, Olympus and the earth, of which the one is the boundary of the things below and the other of the things above, as common and undivided.
ἀλλʼ
ἀνοιστέος ὁ
λόγος
ὡς Εὐριπίδης φησίν.
But 'the argument must be brought back,' as Euripides says.
οἱ γὰρ τὴν τετράδα σεμνύναντες οὐ φαύλως διδάσκουσιν, ὅτι τῷ ταύτης λόγῳ πᾶν σῶμα γένεσιν ἔσχηκεν.
For those who honor the tetrad teach not badly that by its ratio every body has received its generation.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἐν μήκει καὶ πλάτει βάθος λαβόντι πᾶν τὸ στερεόν ἐστι, καὶ μήκους μὲν προϋφίσταται στιγμὴ κατὰ μονάδα ταττομένη, μῆκος δʼ ἀπλατὲς ἡ γραμμὴ καλεῖται καὶ μῆκος ἐστιν, ἡ δʼ ἐπὶ πλάτος γραμμῆς κίνησις ἐπιφανείας γένεσιν ἐν τριάδι παρέσχε, βάθους δὲ τούτοις προσγενομένου διὰ τεττάρων εἰς στερεὸν ἡ αὔξησις προβαίνει· παντὶ δῆλον, ὅτι μέχρι δεῦρο τὴν φύσιν ἡ τετρὰς προαγαγοῦσα, μέχρι τοῦ σῶμα τελειῶσαι καὶ παρασχεῖν ἁπτὸν ὄγκον καὶ ἀντίτυπον, εἶτʼ ἀπολέλοιπεν ἐνδεᾶ τοῦ μεγίστου.
For since every solid exists when depth is taken in length and breadth, and before length there pre-exists a point, which is arranged according to the monad, and a length without breadth is called a line and is length, and the motion of a line toward breadth has produced the generation of a surface in the triad, and when depth is added to these, the increase proceeds through four into a solid; it is clear to everyone that the tetrad, having advanced nature up to this point, namely to the completion of a body and the provision of a tangible volume and resistance, has then left it lacking in the greatest thing.
τὸ γὰρ ἄψυχον ὡς ἁπλῶς εἰπεῖν ὀρφανὸν καὶ ἀτελὲς καὶ πρὸς οὐδʼ ὁτιοῦν, μὴ χρωμένης ψυχῆς, ἐπιτήδειον· ἡ δὲ τὴν ψυχὴν ἐμποιοῦσα κίνησις ἢ διάθεσις, μεταβολῇ διὰ πέντε γιγνομένη, τῇ φύσει τὸ τέλειον ἀποδίδωσι, καὶ τοσούτῳ κυριώτερον ἔχει τῆς τετράδος λόγον, ὅσῳ τιμῇ διαφέρει τοῦ ἀψύχου τὸ ζῷον.
For that which is without soul, to speak simply, is orphan, incomplete, and fit for nothing at all unless a soul uses it; but the motion or disposition which implants the soul, occurring by a change through five, restores perfection to nature, and has a ratio so much more dominant than the tetrad as the living being differs in honor from the soulless.
ἔτι δʼ ἰσχύσασα μᾶλλον ἡ τῶν πέντε συμμετρία καὶ δύναμις οὐκ εἴασεν εἰς ἄπειρα γένη προελθεῖν τὸ ἔμψυχον, ἀλλὰ πέντε τῶν ζώντων ἁπάντων ἰδέας παρέσχεν.
And still more, the symmetry and power of the five, having prevailed, did not allow the animate to proceed into infinite kinds, but provided five forms of all living things.
εἰσὶ γὰρ θεοὶ δήπου καὶ δαίμονες καὶ ἥρωες καὶ μετὰ τούτους τὸ τέταρτον ἄνθρωποι γένος, ἔσχατον δὲ καὶ πέμπτον τὸ ἄλογον καὶ θηριῶδες; .
For there are, indeed, gods, and daimons, and heroes, and after these the fourth class, humans, and the last and fifth, the irrational and beastly kind.
ἔτι δʼ εἰ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτὴν κατὰ φύσιν διαιροῖς, πρῶτον αὐτῆς καὶ ἀμαυρότατόν ἐστι τὸ θρεπτικὸν δεύτερον δὲ τὸ αἰσθητικὸν, εἶτα τὸ ἐπιθυμητικὸν εἶτʼ ἐπὶ τούτῳ τὸ θυμοειδές· εἰς δὲ τὴν τοῦ λογιστικοῦ δύναμιν ἐξικομένη καὶ τελεώσασα τὴν φύσιν ὥσπερ ἐν ἄκρῳ τῷ πέμπτῳ καταπέπαυται.
And further, if you should divide the soul itself according to nature, its first and dimmest part is the nutritive, and second the sensitive, then the appetitive, then upon this the spirited; and reaching the power of the rational and completing its nature, it has come to rest as if at the summit in the fifth."