§1αἱ πολλοὺς πολλάκις ἠγωνισμέναι καὶ μεγάλους ἀγῶνας Ἀρετὴ καὶ Τύχη πρὸς ἀλλήλας μέγιστον ἀγωνίζονται τὸν παρόντα, περὶ τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμονίας διαδικαζόμεναι ποτέρας γέγονεν ἔργον καὶ ποτέρα τὴν τηλικαύτην δύναμιν γεγέννηκεν.
Virtue and Fortune, who have often competed in many great contests, are now engaged in their greatest struggle against each other, disputing over the Roman Empire, as to which of the two has been its author and which has generated such immense power.
οὐ γὰρ μικρὸν ἔσται τῇ περιγενομένῃ τοῦτο μαρτύριον, μᾶλλον δʼ ἀπολόγημα α πρὸς κατηγορίαν.
For it will be no small evidence for the one that prevails, but rather a defense against accusation.
κατηγορεῖται δʼ Ἀρετὴ μὲν ὡς καλὸν μὲν ἀνωφελὲς δέ, Τύχη δʼ ὡς ἀβέβαιον μὲν ἀγαθὸν δέ· καὶ τὴν μὲν ἄκαρπα πονεῖν λέγουσι, τὴν δʼ ἄπιστα δωρεῖσθαι.
For Virtue is accused of being beautiful but useless, while Fortune is accused of being unstable though good; they say that the former labors fruitlessly, while the latter bestows untrustworthy gifts.
τίς οὖν οὐχὶ λέξει, τῇ ἑτέρᾳ τῆς Ῥώμης προστεθείσης, ἢ λυσιτελέστατον ἀρετήν, εἰ τηλικαῦτα τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς δέδρακεν ἀγαθά, ἢ βεβαιότατον Εὐτυχίαν, χρόνον ἤδη τοσοῦτον ἃ δέδωκε τηροῦσαν;
Who then will not say, if one of the two is added to Rome, either that Virtue is most beneficial, if she has done such great good to the good, or that Good Fortune is most reliable, since she has preserved for so long a time what she has given?
Ἴων μὲν οὖν ὁ ποιητὴς ἐν τοῖς δίχα μέτρου καὶ καταλογάδην αὐτῷ γεγραμμένοις φησὶν ἀνομοιότατον πρᾶγμα τῇ σοφίᾳ τὴν τύχην οὖσαν ὁμοιοτάτων πραγμάτων γίγνεσθαι δημιουργόν· αὔξουσιν ἀμφότεραι, προσκοσμοῦσιν ἄνδρας, εἰς δόξαν ἀνάγουσιν, εἰς δύναμιν, εἰς ἡγεμονίαν.
Now the poet Ion, in his writings without meter and in prose, says that Fortune, being a thing most unlike wisdom, becomes the creator of things most like it; both cause growth, adorn men, and lead them to glory, power, and dominion.
τί δεῖ τὰ πολλὰ μηκύνειν ἐξαριθμούμενον;
Why is there any need to lengthen the account by enumerating many things?
αὐτὴν τὴν τὰ πάντα γεννῶσαν ἡμῖν καὶ φέρουσαν φύσιν οἱ μὲν τύχην εἶναι νομίζουσιν, οἱ δὲ σοφίαν.
Nature itself, which generates and brings all things to us, is thought by some to be Fortune, and by others to be wisdom.
διὸ καλόν τι τῇ Ῥώμῃ καὶ ζηλωτὸν ὁ ἐνεστὼς λόγος ἀξίωμα περιτίθησιν, εἰ διαποροῦμεν ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς, ὡς ὑπὲρ γῆς καὶ θαλάττης καὶ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἄστρων, πότερον κατὰ τύχην συνέστηκεν ἢ κατὰ πρόνοιαν.
Therefore, the present argument bestows a certain beautiful and enviable dignity upon Rome, if we are in doubt about her, as about the earth, sea, heaven, and stars, whether she was established by fortune or by providence.
§2ἐγὼ δέ, ὅτι μέν, εἰ καὶ πάνυ πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἀεὶ πολεμοῦσι καὶ διαφέρονται Τύχη καὶ Ἀρετή, πρός γε τηλικαύτην σύμπηξιν ἀρχῆς καὶ δυνάμεως εἰκός ἐστιν αὐτὰς σπεισαμένας συνελθεῖν καὶ συνελθούσας ἐπιτελειῶσαι καὶ συναπεργάς ασθαι τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἔργων τὸ κάλλιστον, ὀρθῶς ὑπονοεῖν οἴομαι.
But as for me, I think I conjecture correctly that, even if Fortune and Virtue are completely at war and at variance with each other, it is likely that for the establishment of so great an empire and power they made peace and came together, and having come together, they completed and co-operated in the finest of human works.
καὶ νομίζω, καθάπερ Πλάτων φησὶν ἐκ πυρὸς καὶ γῆς ὡς ἀναγκαίων τε καὶ πρώτων γεγονέναι τὸν σύμπαντα κόσμον, ἵνʼ ὁρατός τε γένηται καὶ ἁπτός, γῆς μὲν τὸ ἐμβριθὲς καὶ στάσιμον αὐτῷ συμβαλομένης, πυρὸς δὲ χρῶμα καὶ μορφὴν καὶ κίνησιν αἱ ξ δʼ ἐν μέσῳ φύσεις, ὕδωρ καὶ ἀήρ, μαλάξασαι καὶ σβέσασαι τὴν ἑκατέρου τῶν ἄκρων ἀνομοιότητα συνήγαγον καὶ ἀνεμείξαντο τὴν ὕλην διʼ αὐτῶν· οὕτως ἄρα καὶ ὁ τὴν Ῥώμην ὑποβαλόμενος χρόνος μετὰ θεοῦ τύχην καὶ ἀρετὴν ἐκέρασε καὶ συνέζευξεν, ἵνʼ ἑκατέρας λαβὼν τὸ οἰκεῖον ἀπεργάσηται πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἑστίαν ἱερὰν ὡς ἀληθῶς καὶ ἀνησιδώραν καὶ
πεῖσμα
μόνιμον καὶ στοιχεῖον ἀίδιον, ὑποφερομένοις τοῖς πράγμασιν
ἀγκυρηβόλιον σάλου καὶ πλάνης,
ὥς φησι Δημόκριτος.
And I think, just as Plato says that the entire universe was made from fire and earth as necessary and primary elements, so that it might become visible and tangible—earth contributing weight and stability to it, and fire contributing color, shape, and motion—while the intermediate natures, water and air, softening and quenching the dissimilarity of each of the extremes, united them and mixed the matter through themselves; so also the time that laid the foundations of Rome, with the help of a god, mixed and yoked together fortune and virtue, so that taking from each what was appropriate, it might work out for all mankind a truly sacred and gift-bringing hearth, a steadfast mooring, an eternal element, and, as Democritus says, an anchorage against surging waves and drifting for affairs that were being swept away.
ὡς γὰρ οἱ φυσικοὶ τὸν κόσμον λέγουσιν οὐκ εἶναι πάλαι κόσμον οὐδʼ ἐθέλειν τὰ σώματα συνελθόντα καὶ συμμιγέντα κοινὸν ἐκ πάντων εἶδος τῇ φύσει παρασχεῖν, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν ἔτι μικρῶν καὶ σποράδην φερομένων καὶ διολισθανόντων καὶ ὑποφευγόντων τὰς ἐναπολήψεις καὶ περιπλοκάς, τῶν δʼ ἀδροτέρων καὶ συνεστηκότων ἤδη δεινοὺς ἀγῶνας πρὸς ἄλληλα καὶ διαταραχὰς λαμβανόντων, κλύδωνα καὶ βρασμὸν εἶναι καὶ φθόρου καὶ πλάνης καὶ ναυαγίων μεστὰ πάντα, πρίν γε τὴν γῆν μέγεθος λαβοῦσαν ἐκ τῶν συνισταμένων καὶ φερομένων ἱδρυθῆναί πως αὐτὴν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἵδρυσιν ἐν αὑτῇ καὶ περὶ αὑτὴν παρασχεῖν, οὕτω τῶν μεγίστων ἐν ἀνθρώποις δυνάμεων καὶ ἡγεμονιῶν κατὰ τύχας ἐλαυνομένων καὶ συμφερομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ μηδένα κρατεῖν βούλεσθαι δὲ πάντας, ἀμήχανος ἦν ἡ φορὰ καὶ πλάνη καὶ μεταβολὴ πᾶσα πάντων, μέχρι οὗ τῆς Ῥώμης ἰσχὺν καὶ αὔξησιν λαβούσης καὶ ἀναδησαμένης τοῦτο μὲν ἔθνη καὶ δήμους ἐν αὑτῇ, τοῦτο δʼ ἀλλοφύλους καὶ διαποντίους βασιλέων ἡγεμονίας, ἕδραν ἔσχε τὰ μέγιστα καὶ ἀσφάλειαν, εἰς κόσμον εἰρήνης καὶ ἕνα κύκλον τῆς ἡγεμονίας ἀπταίστου περιφερομένης, πάσης μὲν ἀρετῆς ἐγγενομένης τοῖς ταῦτα μηχανησαμένοις, πολλῆς δὲ καὶ τύχης συνελθούσης, ὡς ἐνέσται τοῦ λόγου προϊόντος ἐνδείξασθαι.
For just as the natural philosophers say that the universe was not of old a cosmos, nor did bodies wish to come together and mix to afford a common form to nature, but some being still small and drifting scattered, slipping away and escaping captures and entanglements, while others that were larger and already consolidated sustained terrible struggles against each other and disturbances, and all was full of surge, boiling, destruction, drift, and shipwreck, before the earth, taking magnitude from the things that were coming together and drifting, was somehow established itself and afforded a stable place to the others in and around itself; so, when the greatest powers and empires among men were driven by fortunes and collided with each other because no one wanted to be ruled but everyone wanted to rule, the movement, drift, and change of all things was uncontrollable, until Rome gained strength and growth, and bound up within herself some nations and peoples, and other foreign and transmarine kingdoms of kings, and then the greatest affairs obtained a firm seat and safety, revolving in a cycle of peace and a single circle of unbroken empire, with all virtue being present in those who engineered this, and much fortune also coming together, as it will be possible to show as the discourse proceeds.
§3νυνὶ δέ μοι δοκῶ τοῦ προβλήματος ὥσπερ ἀπὸ σκοπιᾶς καθορᾶν ἐπὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν καὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα τήν τε Τύχην καὶ τὴν Ἀρετὴν βαδιζούσας.
But now I seem to myself to look down, as if from a watchtower, upon the comparison and the contest, seeing Fortune and Virtue marching toward it.
ἀλλὰ τῆς μὲν Ἀρετῆς πρᾶόν τε τὸ βάδισμα καὶ τὸ βλέμμα καθεστηκός, παρέχει δέ τι καὶ τῷ προσώπῳ πρὸς τὴν ἅμιλλαν ἐρύθημα τῆς φιλοτιμίας.
But the gait of Virtue is gentle and her look composed, yet she shows on her face, in view of the rivalry, a certain blush of ambition.
καὶ πολὺ μὲν ὑστερεῖ σπευδούσης τῆς Τύχης, ἄγουσι δʼ αὐτὴν καὶ δορυφοροῦσι κατὰ πλῆθος
"ἄνδρες ἀρηίφατοι βεβροτωμένα τεύχεʼ ἔχοντες,"
ἐναντίων τραυμάτων ἀνάπλεῳ, αἷμα συμμεμιγμένον ἱδρῶτι σταλάζοντες, ἡμικλάστοις ἐπιβεβηκότες λαφύροις.
And she is far behind the rushing Fortune, but she is led and escorted by a great multitude of "men slain in battle wearing blood-stained armor," full of opposing wounds, dripping blood mixed with sweat, standing upon half-broken spoils.
βούλεσθε δὲ πυθώμεθα, τίνες ποτʼ εἰσὶν οὗτοι;
Do you wish us to ask who these men are?
Φαβρίκιοί φασιν εἶναι καὶ Κάμιλλοι καὶ Δέκιοι καὶ Κικιννᾶτοι καὶ Μάξιμοι Φάβιοι καὶ Κλαύδιοι Μάρκελλοι καὶ Σκιπίωνες.
They say they are Fabicii, Camilli, Decii, Cincinnati, Fabii Maximi, Claudii Marcelli, and Scipios.
ὁρῶ δὲ καὶ Γάιον Μάριον ὀργιζόμενον τῇ Τύχῃ, καὶ Μούκιος ἐκεῖ Σκαιόλας τὴν φλεγομένην χεῖρα δείκνυσι βοῶν
μὴ καὶ ταύτην τῇ Τύχῃ χαρίζῃ; καὶ Μάρκος Ὡράτιος ἀριστεὺς παραποτάμιος Τυρρηνικοῖς βέλεσι βαρυνόμενος καὶ σκάζοντα μηρὸν παρέχων, ἐκ βαθείας ὑποφθέγγεται δίνης,
οὐκοῦν κἀγὼ κατὰ τύχην πεπήρωμαι; τοιοῦτος ὁ τῆς Ἀρετῆς χορὸς πρόσεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν σύγκρισιν,
"βριθὺς ὁπλιτοπάλας δάιος ἀντιπάλοις. "
And I see also Gaius Marius angry with Fortune, and Mucius Scaevola there showing his burning hand and crying out, "Do you attribute this too to Fortune?" And Marcus Horatius, the champion by the river, weighed down by Etruscan missiles and presenting a limping thigh, murmurs from the deep eddy, "Was I too then maimed by fortune?" Such is the chorus of Virtue that approaches the comparison: "mighty, fighting in heavy armor, formidable to adversaries."