§36ὁ δὲ θεῖος Πλάτων πολλὰ μὲν ἐν τῷ Περὶ ψυχῆς περὶ τῆς ἀθανασίας αὐτῆς εἴρηκεν, οὐκ ὀλίγα δʼ ἐν τῇ Πολιτείᾳ καὶ τῷ Μένωνι καὶ τῷ Γοργίᾳ καὶ σποράδην ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις διαλόγοις.
And divine Plato has spoken many things in his "On the Soul" about its immortality, and not a few in the "Republic" and the "Meno" and the "Gorgias" and here and there in the other dialogues.
ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἐν τῷ Περὶ ψυχῆς διαλόγῳ ῥηθέντα κατʼ ἰδίαν ὑπομνηματισάμενός σοι παρέξομαι, ὡς ἐβουλήθης· ἔσται δὲ πρὸς τὸ παρὸν καίρια καὶ χρήσιμα τὰ λεχθέντα πρὸς Καλλικλέα τὸν Ἀθηναῖον, ἑταῖρον δὲ καὶ μαθητὴν Γοργίου τοῦ ῥήτορος φησὶ γὰρ ὁ παρὰ τῷ Πλάτωνι Σωκράτης,
ἄκουε δή,
φασί, μάλα καλοῦ λόγου, ὃν σὺ μὲν ἡγήσει, ὡς ἐγὼ οἶμαι, μῦθον, ἐγὼ δὲ λόγον·
But while I shall privately make notes of what was said in the dialogue "On the Soul" and provide them to you, as you wished; for the present, what was said to Callicles the Athenian, a companion and pupil of Gorgias the rhetorician, will be opportune and useful.
ὡς ἀληθῆ γὰρ ὄντα σοι λέξω ἃ μέλλω λέγειν.
For Socrates in Plato's dialogue says: "Hear indeed," they say, "a very fine story, which you, as I think, will consider a myth, but I a story; for I shall tell you what I am about to tell as being true.
ὥσπερ γὰρ Ὅμηρος λέγει, διενείμαντο τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁ Ζεὺς καὶ ὁ Ποσειδῶν καὶ ὁ Πλούτων, ἐπειδὴ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς;
For as Homer says, Zeus and Poseidon and Pluto divided the empire, when they received it from their father.
παρέλαβον ἦν οὖν νόμος ὅδε περὶ ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἐπὶ Κρόνου, καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ νῦν ἔτʼ ἔστιν ἐν θεοῖς, τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν μὲν δικαίως διελθόντα τὸν βίον καὶ ὁσίως, ἐπειδὰν τελευτήσῃ, εἰς μακάρων νήσους ἀπιόντα οἰκεῖν ἐν πάσῃ εὐδαιμονίᾳ ἐκτὸς κακῶν, τὸν δʼ ἀδίκως καὶ ἀθέως εἰς τὸ τῆς δίκης τε καὶ τίσεως δεσμωτήριον, ὃ δὴ Τάρταρον καλοῦσιν, ἰέναι.
There was therefore this law concerning men also in the time of Cronus, and it always was and still now is among the gods, that of men, he who has passed through life justly and holily, when he dies, departs to the Isles of the Blessed and dwells in all happiness apart from evils, but he who has lived unjustly and godlessly goes to the prison of justice and retribution, which indeed they call Tartarus.
τούτων δʼ οἱ δικασταὶ ἐπὶ Κρόνου καὶ ἔτι νεωστὶ τοῦ Διὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχοντος ζῶντες ἦσαν ζώντων, ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ δικάζοντες μέλλοιεν τελευτᾶν.
And the judges of these, in the time of Cronus and still recently when Zeus held the rule, were living judges of living men, judging them on that day on which they were about to die.
ἔπειτα αἱ δίκαι πως οὐ καλῶς ἐκρίνοντο.
Consequently, the judgments were not well decided.
ὃ τʼ οὖν Πλούτων καὶ οἱ ἐπιμεληταὶ οἱ ἐκ μακάρων νήσων ἰόντες ἔλεγον πρὸς τὸν Δία ὅτι φοιτῷέν σφισιν ἄνθρωποι ἑκατέρωσε ἀνάξιοι.
Pluto, therefore, and the guardians from the Isles of the Blessed, came and said to Zeus that men were coming to them on either side who were unworthy.
εἶπεν οὖν ὁ Ζεὺς
ἀλλʼ ἐγώ
ἔφη
παύσω τοῦτο γιγνόμενον.
Zeus therefore said: 'But I,' he said, 'will put a stop to this happening.
νῦν μὲν γὰρ κακῶς αἱ δίκαι δικάζονται.
For now indeed judgments are badly judged.
ἀμπεχόμενοι γάρ
ἔφη
οἱ κρινόμενοι κρίνονται· ζῶντες γὰρ κρίνονται.
For,' he said, 'those who are being judged are judged clothed; for they are judged while living.
πολλοὶ οὖν ἴσως
ἦ δʼ ὃς
πονηρὰς ψυχὰς ἔχοντες ἠμφιεσμένοι εἰσὶ σώματά τε καλὰ καὶ γένη καὶ πλούτους, καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἡ κρίσις ᾖ, ἔρχονται αὐτοῖς πολλοὶ μαρτυρήσοντες ὡς δικαίως βεβιώκασιν.
Many therefore,' said he, 'having wicked souls, are clothed in beautiful bodies and noble birth and wealth, and when the judgment is, many come to bear witness for them that they have lived justly.
οἱ οὖν δικασταὶ ὑπό τε τούτων ἐκπλήττονται, καὶ ἅμα καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀμπεχόμενοι δικάζουσι, πρὸ τῆς ψυχῆς τῆς ἑαυτῶν ὀφθαλμούς τε καὶ ὦτα καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα προκεκαλυμμένοι.
The judges therefore are both astounded by these things, and at the same time they themselves also judge clothed, having before their own soul eyes and ears and the whole body covered.
ταῦτα δὴ αὐτοῖς; πάντʼ ἐπίπροσθεν γίγνεται, καὶ τὰ αὑτῶν ἀμφιέσματα καὶ τὰ τῶν κρινομένων.
All these things indeed become a barrier to them, both their own clothing and that of those being judged.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν παυστέον ἐστὶ προειδότας αὐτοὺς τὸν θάνατον· νῦν γὰρ προΐσασι.
First of all, then, they must be stopped from foreknowing their death; for now they foreknow it.
τοῦτο μὲν οὖν καὶ δὴ εἴρηται τῷ Προμηθεῖ, ὅπως ἂν παύσῃ αὐτό.
This indeed has already been told to Prometheus, so that he may stop it.
ἔπειτα γυμνοὺς κριτέον ἁπάντων τούτων· τεθνεῶτας γὰρ δεῖ κρίνεσθαι.
Next, they must be judged stripped of all these things; for they must be judged after they have died.
καὶ τὸν κριτὴν δεῖ γυμνὸν εἶναι, τεθνεῶτα, αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ αὐτὴν τὴν ψυχὴν θεωροῦντα ἐξαίφνης ἀποθανόντος ἑκάστου, ἔρημον ἁπάντων τῶν συγγενῶν, καὶ καταλιπόντα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς πάντα ἐκεῖνον τὸν κόσμον, ἵνα δικαία ἡ κρίσις ᾖ.
And the judge also must be stripped, dead, with the soul itself beholding the soul itself immediately upon the death of each, destitute of all his relatives, and having left all that ornament on the earth, so that the judgment may be just.
ἐγὼ οὖν ταῦτʼ ἐγνωκὼς πρότερος ἢ ὑμεῖς ἐποιησάμην δικαστὰς υἱεῖς ἐμαυτοῦ, δύο μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας, Μίνω τε καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυν, ἕνα δʼ ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης, Αἰακόν.
I therefore, having realized these things before you, have made judges sons of my own, two from Asia, Minos and Rhadamanthys, and one from Europe, Aeacus.
οὗτοι οὖν ἐπειδὰν τελευτήσωσι, δικάσουσιν ἐν τῷ λειμῶνι, ἐν τῇ τριόδῳ ἐξ ἧς φέρετον τὼ ὁδώ, ἡ μὲν εἰς μακάρων νήσους, ἡ δʼ εἰς Τάρταρον.
These therefore, when they die, shall judge in the meadow, at the three-way crossroads from which the two roads lead, the one to the Isles of the Blessed, the other to Tartarus.
καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας Ῥαδάμανθυς κρινεῖ, τοὺς δʼ ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης Αἰακός Μίνῳ δὲ πρεσβεῖα δώσω ἐπιδιακρίνειν ἐὰν ἀπορῆτόν τι τὼ ἑτέρω, ἵνʼ ὡς δικαιοτάτη ἡ κρίσις ᾖ περὶ τῆς πορείας τοῖς ἀνθρώποις
. ταῦτʼ ἐστίν, ὦ Καλλίκλεις, ἃ ἐγὼ ἀκηκοὼς πιστεύω ἀληθῆ εἶναι· καὶ ἐκ τούτων τῶν λόγων τοιόνδε τι λογίζομαι συμβαίνειν, ὅτι ὁ θάνατος τυγχάνει ὤν, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἢ δυοῖν πραγμάτοιν διάλυσις, τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τοῦ σώματος ἀπʼ ἀλλήλοιν.
And those from Asia Rhadamanthys shall judge, and those from Europe Aeacus; and to Minos I shall give the privilege of deciding in addition, if the other two are at a loss, so that the judgment concerning the journey may be as just as possible for men.' These are the things, Callicles, which I, having heard, believe to be true; and from these accounts I reason that some such thing results, that death happens to be, as it seems to me, nothing other than the dissolution of two things, the soul and the body, from each other." "Having gathered these things for you, my dearest Apollonius, and having put them together with much care, I have completed this consolatory discourse for you, which is most necessary for you both for your release from the present grief and as a cessation of the most painful mourning of all.
§37ταῦτά σοι συναγαγών, Ἀπολλώνιε φίλτατε, καὶ συνθεὶς μετὰ πολλῆς ἐπιμελείας ἀπειργασάμην τὸν παραμυθητικόν σοι λόγον, ἀναγκαιότατον ὄντα σοι πρός; τε τὴν τῆς παρούσης λύπης ἀπαλλαγὴν καὶ τοῦ πάντων ἀνιαροτάτου πένθους παῦλαν. περιέχει δὲ καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὸν θεοφιλέστατον υἱόν σου Ἀπολλώνιον πρέπουσαν τιμήν, ποθεινοτάτην οὖσαν τοῖς ἀφιερωθεῖσι, τὴν διὰ τῆς ἀγαθῆς μνήμης καὶ τῆς ἀδιαλείπτου πρὸς τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον εὐφημίας.
And it also contains the fitting honor for your son Apollonius, most beloved of the gods, which is most desirable to those who have been consecrated, namely, that which is through good memory and unceasing praise for all time.
καλῶς οὖν ποιήσεις καὶ τῷ λόγῳ πεισθεὶς καὶ τῷ μακαρίτῃ σου υἱῷ χαρισάμενος καὶ μεταβαλὼν ἐκ τῆς ἀνωφελοῦς περὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν κακώσεως καὶ καταφθορᾶς ἐπὶ τὴν συνήθη σοι καὶ κατὰ φύσιν διαγωγὴν ἐλθεῖν.
You will do well, therefore, both if you are persuaded by the discourse and if you gratify your blessed son, and change from this useless maltreatment and destruction of your body and soul, and come to your accustomed and natural way of life.
ὡς γὰρ οὐδὲ συμβιῶν ἡμῖν ἡδέως ἑώρα κατηφεῖς ὄντας οὔτε σὲ οὔτε τὴν μητέρα, οὕτως οὐδὲ νῦν μετὰ θεῶν ὢν καὶ τούτοις συνεστιώμενος εὐαρεστήσειεν ἂν τῇ τοιαύτῃ ὑμῶν διαγωγῇ.
For just as when he lived with us, he did not gladly see us downcast, neither you nor his mother, so now too, being with the gods and feasting with them, he would not be pleased with such a way of life of yours.
ἀνδρὸς οὖν ἀγαθοῦ καὶ γενναίου καὶ φιλοτέκνου φρόνημα ἀναλαβὼν σεαυτόν τε καὶ τὴν μητέρα τοῦ νεανίσκου καὶ τοὺς συγγενεῖς καὶ φίλους ἔκλυσαι τῆς τοιαύτης κακοδαιμονίας, εἰς γαληνότερον μετελθὼν βίου σχῆμα καὶ προσφιλέστερον τῷ τε υἱῷ σου καὶ πᾶσιν ἡμῖν τοῖς κηδομένοις σου κατὰ τὸ προσῆκον.
Having assumed, therefore, the spirit of a good and noble man who loves his children, deliver both yourself and the mother of the youth, and your relatives and friends from such misery, and pass into a calmer state of life and one more agreeable to both your son and to all of us who care for you as is fitting."