§13ἐπεὶ δʼ ἡ παντελὴς ἀπάθεια μέγα καὶ θεῖον, ἡ προκοπὴ δʼ ὡς λέγουσιν ἔοικεν ἐνδόσει τινὶ παθῶν καὶ πραότητι, δεῖ καὶ πρὸς αὐτὰ καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα τὰ πάθη σκοποῦντας κρίνειν τὰς διαφοράς·
Since complete impassibility (apatheia) is a great and divine thing, but progress, as they say, seems to consist in a certain relaxation and gentleness of the passions, we must judge the differences by examining the passions both in themselves and in relation to one another.
πρὸς αὐτὰ μέν, εἰ νῦν ἐπιθυμίαις τε χρώμεθα μαλακωτέραις τῶν πάλαι καὶ φόβοις καὶ ὀργαῖς, ταχὺ τῷ λόγῳ τὸ ἐξάπτον αὐτῶν καὶ φλεγμαῖνον ἀφαιροῦντες πρὸς ἄλληλα δέ, εἰ μᾶλλον αἰσχυνόμεθα νῦν ἢ φοβούμεθα καὶ ζηλοῦμεν μᾶλλον ἢ φθονοῦμεν καὶ φιλοδοξοῦμεν ἢ φιλοχρηματοῦμεν, καὶ ὅλως εἰ Δωρίοις μᾶλλον ἢ Λυδίοις ὥσπερ οἱ μελῳδοῦντες ὑπερβολαῖς ἁμαρτάνομεν, σκληρότεροι περὶ τὴν δίαιταν ὄντες ἢ μαλακώτεροι, καὶ βραδύτεροι περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἢ προπετέστεροι, καὶ θαυμασταὶ παρʼ ὃ δεῖ λόγων καὶ ἀνθρώπων ἢ καταφρονηταί.
In themselves, namely, whether we now employ desires that are milder than before, and fears, and angers, quickly removing by reason that which is inflamed and burning in them. In relation to one another, namely, whether we are now more ashamed than we are afraid, and emulate rather than envy, and love glory rather than money, and, in general, whether we err in excesses like musicians more in the Dorian or the Lydian mode—being too harsh in our way of life or too soft, and slower in our actions or more rash, and admirers beyond what is proper of words and men, or despisers of them.
καθάπερ γὰρ αἱ τῶν νόσων εἰς τὰ μὴ κύρια μέρη τοῦ σώματος ἐκτροπαὶ σημεῖόν εἰσιν οὐ φαῦλον, οὕτως ἡ κακία τῶν προκοπτόντων ἔοικεν εἰς ἐπιεικέστερα πάθη μεθισταμένη κατὰ μικρὸν ἐξαλείφεσθαι.
For just as the deflections of diseases to the non-vital parts of the body are no bad sign, so the vice of those who are progressing, by shifting into milder passions, seems to be gradually wiped out.
Φρῦνιν μὲν γὰρ οἱ ἔφοροι ταῖς ἑπτὰ χορδαῖς δύο παρεντεινάμενον ἠρώτων πότερον τὰς ἄνωθεν ἢ τὰς κάτωθεν ἐκτεμεῖν αὐτοῖς ἐθέλει παρασχεῖν ἡμῶν δὲ δεῖται μέν πως τὰ ἄνω καὶ τὰ κάτω περικοπῆς, εἰ μέλλομεν εἰς τὸ μέσον καθίστασθαι καὶ μέτριον ἡ δὲ προκοπὴ τὰς ὑπερβολὰς πρότερον καὶ τὰς ὀξύτητας τῶν παθῶν ἀνίησι
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πρὸς ἅσπερ οἱ μαργῶντες ἐντονώτατοι
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κατὰ Σοφοκλέα.
For when Phrynis had stretched two extra strings on his seven strings, the ephors asked him whether he wished to allow them to cut off the upper ones or the lower ones; and our own upper and lower extremes also stand in some need of pruning if we are to establish ourselves in the middle and moderate position. But progress first relaxes the excesses and sharpnesses of the passions, "against which those who are mad are most violent," as Sophocles says.
§14καὶ μὴν ὅτι τὸ τὰς κρίσεις ἐπὶ τὰ ἔργα μετάγειν καὶ τοὺς λόγους μὴ λόγους ἐᾶν ἀλλὰ πράξεις ποιεῖν μάλιστα τῆς προκοπῆς ἴδιόν ἐστιν εἴρηται.
And indeed, that transferring judgments to deeds, and not leaving words as mere words but making them actions, is most of all characteristic of progress has been said.
δήλωμα δʼ αὐτοῦ πρῶτον μὲν ὁ πρὸς τὰ ἐπαινούμενα ζῆλος καὶ τὸ ποιεῖν εἶναι προθύμους ἃ θαυμάζομεν, ἃ δὲ ψέγομεν μὴ ἐθέλειν μηδʼ ὑπομένειν.
And the first proof of this is emulation toward what is praised, and being eager to do what we admire, while being unwilling to do or even tolerate what we blame.
ἐπεὶ πάντας μὲν Ἀθηναίους εἰκὸς ἦν ἐπαινεῖν τὴν Μιλτιάδου τόλμαν καὶ ἀνδρείαν, Θεμιστοκλῆς δʼ εἰπὼν ὡς οὐκ ἐᾷ καθεύδειν αὐτὸν ἀλλʼ ἐκ τῶν ὕπνων ἀνίστησι τὸ Μιλτιάδου τρόπαιον, οὐκ ἐπαινῶν μόνον οὐδὲ θαυμάζων καταφανὴς ἦν εὐθὺς ἀλλὰ καὶ ζηλῶν καὶ μιμούμενος.
For though it was natural for all Athenians to praise the daring and courage of Miltiades, when Themistocles said that the trophy of Miltiades would not let him sleep but woke him up from his slumbers, it was immediately clear that he was not only praising and admiring but also emulating and imitating.
σμικρὸν οὖν οἴεσθαι χρὴ προκόπτειν, ἄχρι οὗ τὸ θαυμάζειν τοὺς κατορθοῦντας ἀργὸν ἔχομεν καὶ ἀκίνητον ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς μίμησιν.
We must, then, think that we are making little progress as long as our admiration for those who succeed remains idle and unmoved of itself toward imitation.
οὔτε γὰρ ἔρως σώματος ἐνεργός, εἰ μὴ μετὰ ζηλοτυπίας ἔνεστιν, οὔτʼ ἔπαινος ἀρετῆς διάπυρος καὶ δραστήριος ὁ μὴ νύττων μηδὲ κεντρίζων μηδὲ ποιῶν ἀντὶ φθόνου ζῆλον ἐπὶ τοῖς καλοῖς, ἀναπληρώσεως ὀρεγόμενον.
For neither is bodily love active unless it is accompanied by jealousy, nor is praise of virtue fiery and effective if it does not prick or sting, nor produce emulation instead of envy for beautiful things, aiming at self-completion.
οὐ γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων δεῖ τοῦ φιλοσοφοῦντος μόνον ὥσπερ Ἀλκιβιάδης ἔλεγε τὴν καρδίαν στρέφεσθαι καὶ δάκρυα ἐκπίπτειν, ἀλλʼ ὅ γε προκόπτων ἀληθῶς, μᾶλλον ἔργοις καὶ πράξεσιν ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ καὶ τελείου παραβάλλων ἑαυτόν, ἅμα τῷ συνειδότι τοῦ ἐνδεοῦς δακνόμενος καὶ διʼ ἐλπίδα καὶ πόθον χαίρων καὶ μεστὸς ὢν ὁρμῆς οὐκ ἠρεμούσης οἷός τʼ ἐστι κατὰ Σιμωνίδην
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ἄθηλος ἵππῳ πῶλος ὣς ἅμα τρέχειν,
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τῷ ἀγαθῷ μονονουχὶ συμφῦναι γλιχόμενος.
For it is not only by the words of the philosopher, as Alcibiades used to say, that the heart should be turned and tears fall, but he who is truly progressing, comparing himself rather with the deeds and actions of a good and perfect man, and being stung at the same time by the consciousness of his own deficiency, yet rejoicing through hope and longing, and being full of an unquiet impulse, is able, as Simonides says, "to run along like a weaned colt by its mother," yearning almost to grow together with the good.
καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο προκοπῆς ἀληθοῦς ἴδιόν ἐστι πάθος, ὧν ζηλοῦμεν τὰ ἔργα τὴν διάθεσιν φιλεῖν καὶ ἀγαπᾶν καὶ μετʼ εὐνοίας ἀεὶ τιμὴν εὔφημον ἀποδιδούσης ἐξομοιοῦσθαι.
For this also is a passion characteristic of true progress: to love and cherish the disposition of those whose deeds we emulate, and to assimilate ourselves to them with a goodwill that always renders them fair-spoken honor.
φιλονεικία δʼ ὅτῳ καὶ φθόνος ἐνέστακται πρὸς τοὺς κρείττονας, οὗτος ἴστω δόξης τινὸς ἢ δυνάμεως ζηλοτυπίᾳ κνιζόμενος, ἀρετὴν δὲ μὴ τιμῶν μηδὲ θαυμάζων.
But he in whom contention and envy are instilled toward those who are better, let him know that he is vexed by jealousy of some glory or power, and is not honoring or admiring virtue.