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Plutarch · Comparison of Agis and Cleomenes and the Gracchi Brothers §4.1-4.3

Comparison of Means of Reform and Use of Violence

Passage 4 of 5 · Greek

Summary

The author contrasts Agis's passive approach to reform with Cleomenes's lawless violence, while praising the Gracchi, especially Gaius, for their cautious efforts to avoid civil bloodshed.

§4.1τῆς δὲ πολιτείας ὁ μὲν Ἆγις ἔοικεν ἅψασθαι μαλακώτερον, ἐκκρουσθεὶς ὑπὸ Ἀγησιλάου καὶ ψευσάμενος τὸν ἀναδασμὸν τοῖς πολίταις, καὶ ὅλως ἐλλιπὴς καὶ ἀτελὴς ὧν προείλετο καὶ κατήγγειλεν ὑπὸ ἀτολμίας διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν γενόμενος· ὁ δὲ Κλεομένης τοὐναντίον θρασύτερον καὶ βιαιότερον ἐπὶ τὴν μεταβολὴν ἦλθε τῆς πολιτείας, ἀποκτείνας τοὺς ἐφόρους παρανόμως, οὓς καὶ προσαγαγέσθαι τοῖς ὅπλοις κρατοῦντα καὶ μεταστῆσαι ῥᾴδιον ἦν, ὥσπερ οὐκ ὀλίγους ἄλλους μετέστησεν ἐκ τῆς πόλεως.
As for the reform of the state, Agis seems to have entered upon it too softly, being thwarted by Agesilaus and having broken his promise to the citizens regarding the redistribution of land, and becoming altogether deficient and incomplete in what he had chosen and proclaimed, owing to a lack of boldness due to his youth; but Cleomenes, on the contrary, went about the change of the constitution more boldly and more violently, by killing the ephors unlawfully, whom it would have been easy for one who was master through arms both to win over and to remove, just as he removed not a few others from the city.
§4.2τὸ γὰρ ἄνευ τῆς ἐσχάτης ἀνάγκης ἐπιφέρειν σίδηρον οὔτε ἰατρικὸν οὔτε πολιτικόν, ἀλλʼ ἀτεχνίας μὲν ἀμφότερα, τούτῳ δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀδικεῖν μετʼ ὠμότητος πρόσεστι.
For to employ the sword without extreme necessity is characteristic of neither a physician nor a statesman, but both are signs of a lack of skill, and in his case there is also added injustice accompanied by cruelty.
τῶν δὲ Γράγχων οὐδέτερος μὲν ἤρξατο σφαγῆς ἐμφυλίου, Γάιος δὲ λέγεται μηδὲ βαλλόμενος ὁρμῆσαι πρὸς ἄμυναν, ἀλλὰ λαμπρότατος ὢν ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἀργότατος ἐν τῇ στάσει γενέσθαι.
On the other hand, neither of the Gracchi began civil slaughter, and Gaius is said not even when being pelted to have rushed to defend himself, but though most illustrious in war, to have been most inactive in the faction.
§4.3καὶ γὰρ προῆλθεν ἄοπλος καὶ μαχομένων ἀνεχώρησε, καὶ ὅλως πλείονα τοῦ μή τι δρᾶσαι πρόνοιαν ἢ τοῦ μὴ παθεῖν ἔχων ἑωρᾶτο.
For he even went forth unarmed and withdrew while others were fighting, and altogether he was seen to have more care not to inflict any harm than not to suffer it.
διὸ καὶ τὴν φυγὴν αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀτολμίας σημεῖον, ἀλλʼ εὐλαβείας ποιητέον. ἔδει γὰρ ὑπεῖξαι τοῖς ἐπιφερομένοις ἢ μένοντας ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ παθεῖν τῷ δρᾶν ἀμύνασθαι.
Therefore, one must also regard their flight not as a sign of cowardice, but of caution; for they had either to yield to those who were attacking, or, if they remained, to defend themselves by action in order not to suffer.

Notes

  1. 4.1τοῖς ὅπλοις κρατοῦντα — The participle κρατοῦντα is in the masculine singular accusative, serving as the subject of the infinitive clause dependent on the impersonal ῥᾴδιον ἦν. With the dative τοῖς ὅπλοις ('by means of weapons/force'), it refers to Cleomenes: 'for one who is master through arms'.
  2. 4.2ἀτεχνίας μὲν ἀμφότερα — The genitive ἀτεχνίας functions as a predicate genitive denoting characteristic or origin (with an ellipsis of the verb 'to be'): 'both (of these things) are characteristic of a lack of skill (unprofessionalism)'.
  3. 4.3ἔχων ἑωρᾶτο — A construction where the passive of the verb of perception ὁράω (ἑωρᾶτο, 'he was seen') is accompanied by the nominative participle ἔχων. Together with the object noun πρόνοιαν, it means 'he was observed to have/exercise care'.
  4. 4.3τοῦ μή τι δρᾶσαι ... ἢ τοῦ μὴ παθεῖν — Genitive articular infinitives with the negative particle μή (τοῦ μή...), serving as objective genitives modifying the noun πρόνοιαν ('care not to...'). The active δρᾶσαι ('to do/inflict') is contrasted with the passive/experiential παθεῖν ('to suffer/undergo').
  5. 4.3τῷ δρᾶν ἀμύνασθαι — The dative articular infinitive τῷ δρᾶν ('by acting/doing') functions as a dative of means or manner, modifying the infinitive ἀμύνασθαι ('to defend oneself').

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Comparison of Agis and Cleomenes and the Gracchi Brothers §4.1-4.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg053.humanitext-grc2:4.1-4.3

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