Humanitext Reader

Plutarch · Life of Sertorius §14.1-14.5

Education of Iberian Youth and Military Reforms

Passage 14 of 27 · Greek

Summary

Describes how Sertorius won the hearts of the Iberians by reforming their military system and educating their noble youth, and how he gained absolute loyalty through the local custom of devotion.

§14.1ἔκ τε δὴ τούτων θαυμαζόμενος ἠγαπᾶτο παρὰ τοῖς βαρβάροις ὁ Σερτώριος, καὶ ὅτι Ῥωμαϊκοῖς ὁπλισμοῖς καὶ τάξεσι καὶ συνθήμασιν ἀφαιρῶν τὸ μανικὸν καὶ θηριῶδες αὑτῶν τῆς ἀλκῆς ἀντὶ λῃστηρίου μεγάλου στρατὸν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν δύναμιν.
Because of these things, then, Sertorius was admired and loved by the barbarians, and also because, by introducing Roman armor, formations, and signals, he removed the frantic and beast-like character of their valor and made their force a disciplined army instead of a great band of robbers.
§14.2ἔτι δʼ ἀργύρῳ χρώμενος ἀφειδῶς καὶ χρυσῷ κράνη τε κατεκόσμει καὶ θυρεοὺς αὑτῶν διεποίκιλλε, καὶ χλαμύσιν ἀνθιναῖς καὶ χιτῶσι χρῆσθαι διδάσκων καὶ χορηγῶν εἰς ταῦτα καὶ συμφιλοκαλῶν ἐδημαγώγει.
Furthermore, using silver and gold without stint, he decorated their helmets and embroidered their shields, and by teaching them to wear flowered cloaks and tunics, providing the funds for these and sharing their love of beauty, he won their hearts.
μάλιστα δὲ εἷλεν αὐτοὺς τὰ τῶν παίδων, τοὺς γὰρ εὐγενεστάτους ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν συναγαγὼν εἰς Ὄσκαν, πόλιν μεγάλην, διδασκάλους ἐπιστήσας Ἑλληνικῶν τε καὶ Ῥωμαϊκῶν μαθημάτων ἔργῳ μὲν ἐξωμηρεύσατο, λόγῳ δὲ ἐπαίδευεν, ὡς ἀνδράσι γενομένοις πολιτείας τε μεταδώσων καὶ ἀρχῆς.
But what captured them most of all was his treatment of their children; for he gathered the most noble-born from the tribes to Osca, a large city, and appointed teachers of Greek and Roman learning, thus in reality keeping them as hostages, but in name educating them, as if he intended to give them a share in the government and in public office when they grew up.
§14.3οἱ δὲ πατέρες ἥδοντο θαυμαστῶς τοὺς παῖδας ἐν περιπορφύροις ὁρῶντες μάλα κοσμίως φοιτῶντας εἰς τὰ διδασκαλεῖα, καὶ τὸν Σερτώριον ὑπὲρ αὑτῶν μισθοὺς τελοῦντα, καὶ πολλάκις ἀποδείξεις λαμβάνοντα, καὶ γέρα τοῖς ἀξίοις νέμοντα, καὶ τὰ χρυσᾶ περιδέραια δωρούμενον ἃ Ῥωμαῖοι βούλλας καλοῦσιν.
And the fathers were wonderfully pleased to see their children going to the schools in very orderly fashion, wearing purple-bordered robes, and Sertorius paying their tuition fees for them, and frequently holding examinations, distributing prizes to those who deserved them, and presenting them with the golden necklaces which the Romans call bullae.
§14.4ἔθους δʼ ὄντος Ἰβηρικοῦ τοὺς περὶ τὸν ἄρχοντα τεταγμένους συναποθνῄσκειν αὐτῷ πεσόντι, καὶ τοῦτο τῶν ἐκεῖ βαρβάρων κατάσπεισιν ὀνομαζόντων, τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις ἡγεμόσιν ὀλίγοι τῶν ὑπασπιστῶν καὶ τῶν ἑταίρων, Σερτωρίῳ δὲ πολλαὶ μυριάδες ἀνθρώπων κατεσπεικότων ἑαυτοὺς ἠκολούθουν.
Since it was an Iberian custom for those stationed around a leader to die with him when he fell, which the barbarians there call a "devotion," while other generals were followed by only a few of their shield-bearers and companions, Sertorius was followed by many tens of thousands of men who had thus devoted themselves.
§14.5λέγεται δὲ πρός τινι πόλει τροπῆς γενομένης καὶ τῶν πολεμίων ἐπικειμένων τοὺς Ἴβηρας ἀμελήσαντας αὑτῶν τὸν Σερτώριον σῴζειν καὶ τοῖς ὤμοις ἐπαραμένους ἄλλους πρὸ ἄλλων ἀνακουφίσαι πρὸς τὰ τείχη, γενομένου δʼ ἐν ἀσφαλεῖ τοῦ ἄρχοντος, οὕτω τρέπεσθαι πρὸς φυγὴν ἕκαστον αὑτῶν.
It is said that when a rout occurred near a certain city and the enemy were pressing hard, the Iberians, neglecting themselves, saved Sertorius, and lifting him upon their shoulders, raised him up to the walls, one after another, and only when their leader was in safety did each of them turn to flight.

Notes

  1. 14.1καὶ ὅτι — The causal conjunction ὅτι introduces the second reason for the main passive verb ἠγαπᾶτο, creating a parallel structure with the preceding prepositional phrase ἐκ τούτων.
  2. 14.1ἀντὶ λῃστηρίου μεγάλου στρατὸν ἐποιεῖτο τὴν δύναμιν — τὴν δύναμιν ("the military force") is the direct object of ἐποιεῖτο, while στρατόν ("an army") serves as the object complement, meaning "he made their force an army instead of a great band of robbers."
  3. 14.2ἔργῳ μὲν ἐξωμηρεύσατο, λόγῳ δὲ ἐπαίδευεν — A classic antithesis between "fact" (ἔργῳ) and "pretext/word" (λόγῳ) using the particles μέν...δέ, contrasting the overt goal of education with the covert strategy of taking hostages (using the verb ἐξομηρεύομαι, derived from ὅμηρος, "hostage").
  4. 14.5ἄλλους πρὸ ἄλλων ἀνακουφίσαι — The phrase ἄλλους πρὸ ἄλλων ("others before others") vividly describes the frantic rescue scene where the Iberian soldiers supported one another in succession, lifting Sertorius up to the walls like a human chain.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Sertorius §14.1-14.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg042.humanitext-grc2:14.1-14.5

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