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Plutarch · Comparison of Philopoemen and Titus §2.1-2.3

Comparison of Military Experience and Leadership

Passage 2 of 3 · Greek

Summary

The passage contrasts Philopoemen's extensive military experience and his creation of a superior military system in a declining Greece with Titus's reliance on existing Roman forces and his lack of personal combat exploits.

§2.1ἀλλὰ πλήθει γε πολέμων καὶ τροπαίων ἡ Φιλοποίμενος ἐμπειρία βεβαιοτέρα, τῷ μὲν γὰρ τὰ πρὸς Φίλιππον ἐκρίθη δυοῖν ἀγώνοιν, ὁ δὲ μυρίας μάχας κατορθώσας οὐδεμίαν ἀμφισβήτησιν τῇ τύχῃ πρὸς τὴν ἐπιστήμην ἀπολέλοιπεν.
But indeed, in the multitude of wars and trophies, Philopoemen's experience was more secure. For in the case of the former, the conflict with Philip was decided by two contests, whereas the latter, having successfully conducted ten thousand battles, left fortune no room to dispute his skill.
ἔτι δὲ ὁ μὲν τῇ Ῥωμαίων ἀκμὴν ἐχούσῃ δυνάμει χρησάμενος, ὁ δὲ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἤδη φθινούσης ἐπακμάσας, δόξαν ἔσχεν, ὥστε τοῦ μὲν ἴδιον, τοῦ δὲ κοινὸν ἔργον εἶναι τὸ κατορθούμενον ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἦρχεν ἀγαθῶν, ὁ δὲ ἄρχων ἀγαθοὺς ἐποίει.
Furthermore, the former won fame by employing the power of the Romans when it was at its height, while the latter flourished when Greece was already in decline; so that the achievement was the former's own, but the latter's was a shared work. For the former ruled over good men, while the latter made men good by ruling them.
§2.2καὶ μὴν τό γε πρὸς Ἕλληνας τούτῳ γενέσθαι τοὺς ἀγῶνας οὐκ εὐτυχῆ μέν, ἰσχυρὰν δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀπόδειξιν παρεῖχεν οἷς γὰρ ὅμοια τἆλλα, τῷ προὔχειν ἀρετῇ κρατοῦσι.
And indeed, the fact that his contests were against Greeks was not a fortunate thing, but it provided a strong proof of his valor; for those who are equal in other respects conquer by excelling in valor.
καὶ γὰρ δὴ πολεμικωτάτοις Ἑλλήνων Κρησὶ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις πολεμήσας, τῶν μὲν πανουργοτάτων δόλῳ, τῶν δʼ ἀλκιμωτάτων τόλμῃ περιεγένετο.
Indeed, having fought against the most warlike of the Greeks, the Cretans and the Lacedaemonians, he overcame the craftiest of them by cunning, and the bravest by daring.
§2.3πρὸς δὲ τούτοις Τίτος μὲν ἐξ ὑποκειμένων ἐνίκα, χρώμενος ὁπλισμοῖς καὶ τάξεσιν αἷς παρέλαβε. Φιλοποίμην δὲ αὐτὸς ἐπεισενεγκὼν καὶ μεταβαλὼν τὸν περὶ ταῦτα κόσμον, ὥστε τὸ νικητικώτατον ὑφʼ οὗ μὲν οὐκ ὂν εὑρῆσθαι, τῷ δὲ ὑπάρχον βοηθεῖν.
In addition to these things, Titus won victory from existing resources, employing the armor and tactics which he had received; whereas Philopoemen himself introduced and changed the system in these matters, so that the most victorious element was found by the one when it did not exist, but for the other it helped him as it was already present.
κατὰ χεῖρα τοίνυν Φιλοποίμενος μὲν ἔργα πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα, θατέρου δὲ οὐδέν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν Αἰτωλῶν τις αὐτὸν Ἀρχέδημος ἐπέσκωπτεν ὡς, ὅτε αὐτὸς ἐσπασμένος τὴν μάχαιραν ἔθει δρόμῳ πρὸς τοὺς μαχομένους καὶ τοὺς συνεστῶτας τῶν Μακεδόνων, τοῦ Τίτου τὰς χεῖρας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ὑπτίας ἀνατείναντος ἑστῶτος καὶ προσευχομένου.
Therefore, in hand-to-hand combat, Philopoemen's deeds were many and great, but the other's were none; indeed, even one of the Aetolians, Archedemus, mocked him, saying that while he himself, having drawn his sword, was running at full speed towards the combatants and the resisting Macedonians, Titus was standing and praying with his hands stretched out suppliant to heaven.

Notes

  1. §2.1ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἦρχεν ἀγαθῶν, ὁ δὲ ἄρχων ἀγαθοὺς ἐποίει. — The referents of the pronouns are reversed compared to the preceding sentence (where μὲν referred to Philopoemen and δὲ to Titus). Here, ὁ μὲν refers to Titus (who ruled over already disciplined Romans) and ὁ δὲ refers to Philopoemen (who trained and made his men good).
  2. §2.3ὥστε τὸ νικητικώτατον ὑφʼ οὗ μὲν οὐκ ὂν εὑρῆσθαι, τῷ δὲ ὑπάρχον βοηθεῖν. — An infinitive clause introduced by ὥστε. There is an asymmetry in the construction of the two compared subjects: the relative phrase "ὑφʼ οὗ μὲν" (genitive of agent with the passive-implied εὑρῆσθαι) refers to Philopoemen inventing the system, while "τῷ δὲ" (dative of advantage with βοηθεῖν) refers to the existing system benefiting Titus.
  3. §2.3καὰ χεῖρα — An idiomatic phrase meaning "in hand-to-hand combat" or "by personal deeds of arms." Here it contrasts Philopoemen's physical, personal combat achievements with Titus's lack thereof.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Comparison of Philopoemen and Titus §2.1-2.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg029.humanitext-grc2:2.1-2.3

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