Humanitext Reader

Plutarch · Life of Aristides §18.1-18.6

Spartan Charge and Athenian Combat with the Thebans

Passage 18 of 27 · Greek

Summary

As Pausanias prays, favorable omens appear and the Spartan phalanx advances like a wild beast, engaging the Persian army in fierce close-quarters combat. Meanwhile, the Athenians rush to aid but are intercepted by medizing Greeks, especially the oligarchic Thebans, leading to a major engagement.

§18.1δυσφορῶν οὖν ὁ Παυσανίας τοῖς παροῦσιν, ἄλλα τοῦ μάντεως ἐπʼ ἄλλοις ἱερεῖα καταβάλλοντος, τρέπεται πρὸς τὸ Ἡραῖον τῇ ὄψει δεδακρυμένος, καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ἀνασχὼν εὔξατο Κιθαιρωνίᾳ Ἥρᾳ καὶ θεοῖς ἄλλοις, οἳ Πλαταιΐδα γῆν ἔχουσιν, εἰ μὴ πέπρωται τοῖς Ἕλλησι νικᾶν, ἀλλὰ δράσαντάς γέ τι παθεῖν καὶ δείξαντας ἔργῳ τοῖς πολεμίοις, ὡς ἐπʼ ἄνδρας ἀγαθοὺς καὶ μάχεσθαι μεμαθηκότας ἐστράτευσαν.
Pausanias, therefore, distressed by the present situation as the seer slaughtered one victim after another in vain, turned with tearful eyes toward the Heraeum; and lifting up his hands, he prayed to Cithaeronian Hera and the other gods who possess the Plataean land, that if it was not fated for the Greeks to conquer, they might at least perform some great deed before they fell, and show the enemy by their actions that they had marched against brave men who knew how to fight.
§18.2ταῦτα τοῦ Παυσανίου θεοκλυτοῦντος ἅμα ταῖς εὐχαῖς ἐφάνη τὰ ἱερὰ καὶ νίκην ὁ μάντις ἔφραζε.
While Pausanias was thus calling upon the gods, even with his prayers the favorable omens appeared, and the seer announced victory.
καὶ δοθέντος εἰς ἅπαντας τοῦ παραγγέλματος καθίστασθαι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, ἥ τε φάλαγξ ὄψιν ἔσχεν αἰφνιδίως ἑνὸς ζῴου θυμοειδοῦς πρὸς ἀλκὴν τρεπομένου καὶ φρίξαντος, τοῖς τε βαρβάροις τότε παρέστη λογισμός, ὡς πρὸς ἄνδρας ὁ ἀγὼν ἔσοιτο μαχουμένους ἄχρι θανάτου.
And when the command was passed to all of them to set themselves against the enemy, the phalanx suddenly took on the appearance of a single fierce animal turning to defend itself and bristling; and then it occurred to the barbarians also that the contest would be against men who would fight to the death.
§18.3διὸ καὶ προθέμενοι πολλὰ τῶν γέρρων ἐτόξευον εἰς τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους.
Therefore, having set up many of their wicker shields in front, they discharged their arrows at the Lacedaemonians.
οἱ δὲ τηροῦντες ἅμα τὸν συνασπισμὸν ἐπέβαινον, καὶ προσπεσόντες ἐξεώθουν τὰ γέρρα, καὶ τοῖς δόρασι τύπτοντες πρόσωπα καὶ στέρνα τῶν Περσῶν πολλοὺς κατέβαλλον, οὐκ ἀπράκτως οὐδὲ ἀθύμως πίπτοντας.
But the Lacedaemonians, keeping their shields locked together, advanced, and falling upon them, pushed away the wicker shields, and striking the faces and breasts of the Persians with their spears, laid many of them low; yet they did not fall without achievement or courage.
καὶ γὰρ ἀντιλαμβανόμενοι τῶν δοράτων ταῖς χερσὶ γυμναῖς συνέθραυον τὰ πλεῖστα, καὶ πρὸς τὰς ξιφουλκίας ἐχώρουν οὐκ ἀργῶς, ἀλλὰ ταῖς τε κοπίσι καὶ τοῖς ἀκινάκαις χρώμενοι καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας παρασπῶντες καὶ συμπλεκόμενοι χρόνον πολὺν ἀντεῖχον.
For grabbing the spears with their bare hands, they broke most of them, and proceeded without delay to draw their swords, and using their scimitars and daggers, tearing away the Spartans' shields and grappling with them, they held out for a long time.
§18.4οἱ δʼ Ἀθηναῖοι τέως μὲν ἠτρέμουν ἀναμένοντες τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους, ἐπεὶ δὲ κραυγή τε προσέπιπτε πολλὴ μαχομένων καὶ παρῆν, ὥς φασιν, ἄγγελος παρὰ Παυσανίου τὰ γινόμενα φράζων, ὥρμησαν κατὰ τάχος βοηθεῖν.
Meanwhile, the Athenians had remained quiet, waiting for the Lacedaemonians; but when a great shout of those fighting reached them, and there arrived, as they say, a messenger from Pausanias explaining what was happening, they rushed in haste to bring aid.
καὶ προχωροῦσιν αὐτοῖς διὰ τοῦ πεδίου πρὸς τὴν βοὴν ἐπεφέροντο τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἱ μηδίζοντες,
And as they were advancing through the plain toward the shouting, those of the Greeks who medized charged against them.
§18.5Ἀριστείδης δὲ πρῶτον μέν, ὡς εἶδε, πολὺ προελθὼν ἐβόα, μαρτυρόμενος Ἑλληνίους θεούς, ἀπέχεσθαι μάχης καὶ μὴ σφίσιν ἐμποδὼν εἶναι μηδὲ κωλύειν ἐπαμύνοντας τοῖς προκινδυνεύουσιν ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος, ἐπεὶ δʼ ἑώρα μὴ προσέχοντας αὐτῷ καὶ συντεταγμένους ἐπὶ τὴν μάχην, οὕτω τῆς ἐκεῖ βοηθείας ἀποτραπόμενος συνέβαλε τούτοις περὶ πεντακισμυρίους οὖσιν.
Aristides, first of all, as soon as he saw them, advanced far in front and shouted, calling the gods of the Greeks to witness, that they should keep away from the battle and not stand in their way nor hinder them from bringing aid to those who were risking their lives in the forefront for Greece; but when he saw that they paid no attention to him and were drawn up for battle, he turned away from bringing aid to the others and engaged with these, who were about fifty thousand in number.
§18.6ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν πλεῖστον εὐθὺς ἐνέδωκε καὶ ἀπεχώρησεν, ἅτε δὴ καὶ τῶν βαρβάρων ἀπηλλαγμένων, ἡ δὲ μάχη λέγεται μάλιστα κατὰ Θηβαίους γενέσθαι, προθυμότατα τῶν πρώτων καὶ δυνατωτάτων τότε παρʼ αὐτοῖς μηδιζόντων καὶ τὸ πλῆθος οὐ κατὰ γνώμην, ἀλλʼ ὀλιγαρχούμενον ἀγόντων.
However, the greatest part of them immediately gave way and retreated, inasmuch as the barbarians also had already departed; but the battle is said to have been fought most fiercely against the Thebans, since the leading and most powerful men among them at that time were medizing most eagerly and were leading the multitude, not according to their own will, but under oligarchic rule.

Notes

  1. 18.1εἰ μὴ πέπρωται — It introduces the content of the prayer following the verb `εὔξατο` ('he prayed'). The conditional conjunction `εἰ` ('if') contrasts with `ἀλλὰ` ('but rather'), and semantically connects to the accusative with infinitive clauses (`παθεῖν` and `δείξαντας`) expressing a wish: 'if it is not fated..., at least let them...'
  2. 18.2ὄψιν ἔσχεν αἰφνιδίως ἑνὸς ζῴου θυμοειδοῦς — In the phrase `ὄψιν ἔσχεν` ('took on the appearance'), the genitive phrase `ἑνὸς ζῴου θυμοειδοῦς` ('of a single fierce animal') modifies `ὄψιν` to create a simile. The subsequent genitive participles `τρεπομένου` and `φρίξαντος` agree with `ζῴου`, vividly describing the dynamic movement of the phalanx.
  3. 18.5ἀπέχεσθαι μάχης — This is an infinitive of indirect command depending on the verb `ἐβόα` ('he shouted/demanded'). The subsequent infinitives `εἶναι` and `κωλύειν` are also governed by `ἐβόα` and are accompanied by the negative particle `μή`.
  4. 18.6ὀλιγαρχούμενον — A present passive participle in the accusative neuter singular, agreeing with and modifying the preceding noun `τὸ πλῆθος` ('the multitude'). It means 'the multitude which was ruled by an oligarchy,' contrasting their lack of free will (`οὐ κατὰ γνώμην`) with the forced mobilization by the ruling elites.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Aristides §18.1-18.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg024.humanitext-grc2:18.1-18.6

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