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Plutarch · Life of Aristides §15.1-15.5

Alexander of Macedon's Secret Nighttime Warning

Passage 15 of 27 · Greek

Summary

While both armies face each other without engaging in battle, King Alexander of Macedon secretly visits the Greek camp at midnight to inform Aristeides that Mardonius plans to launch a general attack the following day.

§15.1μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἱππομαχίαν ἀμφότεροι μάχης ἔσχοντο χρόνον πολύν· ἀμυνομένοις γὰρ οἱ μάντεις νίκην προὔφαινον ἐκ τῶν ἱερῶν ὁμοίως καὶ τοῖς Πέρσαις καὶ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, εἰ δʼ ἐπιχειροῖεν, ἧτταν.
After the cavalry fight, both sides refrained from battle for a long time; for the seers, from the sacrifices, foretold victory to both the Persians and the Greeks alike if they defended, but defeat if they should attack.
ἔπειτα Μαρδόνιος, ὡς αὐτῷ μὲν ἡμερῶν ὀλίγων τὰ ἐπιτήδεια περιῆν, οἱ δʼ Ἕλληνες ἀεί τινων ἐπιρρεόντων πλείονες ἐγίνοντο, δυσανασχετῶν ἔγνω μηκέτι μένειν, ἀλλὰ διαβὰς ἅμα φάει τὸν Ἀσωπὸν ἐπιθέσθαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀπροσδοκήτως· καὶ παράγγελμα τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν ἑσπέρας ἔδωκε.
Then Mardonius, since only a few days' provisions remained for him, while the Greeks were constantly becoming more numerous as others kept flowing in, being unable to bear the delay, resolved to wait no longer, but to cross the Asopus at daybreak and attack the Greeks unexpectedly; and he gave the order to his officers in the evening.
§15.2μεσούσης δὲ μάλιστα τῆς νυκτὸς ἀνὴρ ἵππον ἔχων ἀτρέμα προσεμίγνυε τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων· ἐντυχὼν δὲ ταῖς φυλακαῖς ἐκέλευεν αὐτῷ προσελθεῖν Ἀριστείδην τὸν Ἀθηναῖον.
About midnight, a man on horseback came quietly to the camp of the Greeks; and meeting the outposts, he bade them summon Aristeides the Athenian to him.
ὑπακούσαντος δὲ ταχέως ἔφησεν· εἰμὶ μὲν Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μακεδών, ἥκω δὲ κινδύνων τὸν μέγιστον εὐνοίᾳ τῇ πρὸς ὑμᾶς αἰρόμενος, ὡς μὴ τὸ αἰφνίδιον ἐκπλήξειεν ὑμᾶς χεῖρον ἀγωνίσασθαι.
When Aristeides quickly answered the call, the man said: "I am Alexander the Macedonian, and I have come risking the greatest danger out of goodwill toward you, so that a sudden surprise might not strike you with panic and make you fight worse.
§15.3μαχεῖται γὰρ ὑμῖν Μαρδόνιος αὔριον, οὐχ ὑπʼ ἐλπίδος χρηστῆς οὐδὲ θάρσους, ἀλλʼ ἀπορίας τῶν παρόντων, ἐπεὶ καὶ μάντεις ἐκεῖνον ἀπαισίοις ἱεροῖς καὶ λογίοις χρησμῶν εἴργουσι μάχης, καὶ τὸν στρατὸν ἔχει δυσθυμία πολλὴ καὶ κατάπληξις.
For Mardonius will fight you tomorrow, not because of any good hope or confidence, but because of his present difficulties; since even the seers are keeping him from battle by unfavorable sacrifices and prophetic utterances, and a great despondency and consternation possess the army.
ἀλλʼ ἀνάγκη τολμῶντα πειρᾶσθαι τῆς τύχης ἢ τὴν ἐσχάτην ὑπομένειν ἀπορίαν καθεζόμενον.
But he must of necessity make a bold trial of fortune, or else endure the extreme of want by remaining inactive.
§15.4ταῦτα φράσας ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἐδεῖτο τὸν Ἀριστείδην αὐτὸν εἰδέναι καὶ μνημονεύειν, ἑτέρῳ δὲ μὴ κατειπεῖν.
Having spoken thus, Alexander begged Aristeides to keep this to himself and remember it, and not to tell any other.
ὁ δʼ οὐ καλῶς ἔχειν ἔφη ταῦτα Παυσανίαν ἀποκρύψασθαι, ἐκείνῳ γὰρ ἀνακεῖσθαι τὴν ἡγεμονίαν, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἄρρητα πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἔδοξεν ἔσεσθαι, νικώσης δὲ τῆς Ἑλλάδος οὐδένα τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου προθυμίαν καὶ ἀρετὴν ἀγνοήσειν.
But Aristeides said that it was not right to conceal this from Pausanias, for to him was committed the chief command; however, it was agreed that it should remain unspoken to the others before the battle, and that if Greece should be victorious, no one would be ignorant of Alexander's zeal and valor.
§15.5λεχθέντων δὲ τούτων ὅ τε βασιλεὺς τῶν Μακεδόνων ἀπήλαυνεν ὀπίσω πάλιν, ὅ τε Ἀριστείδης ἀφικόμενος ἐπὶ τὴν σκηνὴν τοῦ Παυσανίου διηγεῖτο τοὺς λόγους· καὶ μετεπέμποντο τοὺς ἄλλους ἡγεμόνας καὶ παρήγγελλον ἐν κόσμῳ τὸν στρατὸν ἔχειν, ὡς μάχης ἐσομένης.
When these words had been spoken, the king of the Macedonians rode back again, and Aristeides, coming to the tent of Pausanias, related the conversation; and they sent for the other officers and commanded them to keep the army in order, as a battle was to be expected.

Notes

  1. 15.1μάχης ἔσχοντο — The middle voice ἔχομαι with a genitive is used here in the sense of 'refraining from' or 'holding back from' something. In this context, since the seers foretold defeat for the attacking side, it means that both sides 'refrained from' battle.
  2. 15.1ὡς αὐτῷ μὲν ἡμερῶν ὀλίγων τὰ ἐπιτήδεια περιῆν — The genitive ἡμερῶν ὀλίγων denotes quantity or duration, meaning 'only a few days' worth'. The verb περιῆν means 'remained' or 'was left over'.
  3. 15.2ὡς μὴ τὸ αἰφνίδιογ ἐκπλήξειεν ὑμᾶς χεῖρον ἀγωνίσασθαι — The conjunction ὡς μή with the optative (ἐκπλήξειεν) introduces a negative purpose clause ('lest...'). The infinitive χεῖρον ἀγωνίσασθαι functions as an infinitive of result or limitation after the verb of shocking/frightening ('lest the suddenness throw you into panic, with the result that you fight worse').
  4. 15.4πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἄρρητα πρὸ τῆς μάχης ἔδοξεν ἔσεσθαι — An impersonal construction of ἔδοξε ('it was decided' or 'it was agreed'). The subject of the infinitive ἔσεσθαι is the neuter plural ἄρρητα ('things unsaid/kept secret'), referring to the previous information, meaning 'it was agreed that these things should remain unspoken to the others before the battle'.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Aristides §15.1-15.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg024.humanitext-grc2:15.1-15.5

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