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Plutarch · Life of Fabius Maximus §25.1-25.5

Fabius's Opposition to Scipio's African Campaign

Passage 25 of 27 · Greek

Summary

While Scipio plans an expedition to Carthage itself and rouses the people, Fabius strongly opposes it as endangering the state, and even attempts to influence Scipio's colleague Crassus.

§25.1ἐπεὶ δὲ Σκηπίων Κορνήλιος εἰς Ἰβηρίαν πεμφθεὶς Καρχηδονίους μὲν ἐξήλασε μάχαις πολλαῖς κρατήσας, ἔθνη δὲ πάμπολλα καὶ πόλεις μεγάλας καὶ πράγματα λαμπρὰ Ῥωμαίοις κτησάμενος εὔνοιαν εἶχε καὶ δόξαν ἐπανελθὼν ὅσην ἄλλος οὐδείς, ὕπατος δὲ κατασταθεὶς καὶ τὸν δῆμον αἰσθόμενος μεγάλην ἀπαιτοῦντα καὶ προσδεχόμενον πρᾶξιν αὐτοῦ, §25.2τὸ μὲν αὐτόθι συμπλέκεσθαι πρὸς Ἀννίβαν ἀρχαῖον ἡγεῖτο λίαν καὶ πρεσβυτικόν, αὐτὴν δὲ Καρχηδόνα καὶ Λιβύην εὐθὺς ἐμπλήσας ὅπλων καὶ στρατευμάτων διενοεῖτο πορθεῖν καὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐκεῖ μεθιστάναι, καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο παντὶ τῷ θυμῷ συνεξώρμα τὸν δῆμον, ἐνταῦθα δὴ Φάβιος ἐπὶ πᾶν δέους ἄγων τὴν πόλιν, ὡς ὑπʼ ἀνδρὸς ἀνοήτου καὶ νέου φερομένην εἰς τὸν ἔσχατον καὶ μέγιστον κίνδυνον, §25.3οὔτε λόγου φειδόμενος οὔτʼ ἔργου δοκοῦντος ἀποτρέψειν τοὺς πολίτας τὴν μὲν βουλὴν ἔπεισε, τῷ δὲ δήμῳ διὰ φθόνον ἐδόκει τοῦ Σκηπίωνος εὐημεροῦντος ἐπιλαμβάνεσθαι καὶ δεδιέναι, μή τι μέγα καὶ λαμπρὸν ἐξεργασαμένου καὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἢ παντάπασιν ἀνελόντος ἢ τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐκβαλόντος αὐτὸς ἀργὸς φανῇ καὶ μαλακός ἐν τοσούτῳ χρόνῳ μὴ διαπεπολεμηκώς.
But when Scipio Cornelius, having been sent to Iberia, drove out the Carthaginians after conquering them in many battles, and having acquired very many nations, great cities, and brilliant achievements for the Romans, returned having gained such goodwill and glory as no one else had, and was appointed consul, and perceived that the people were demanding and expecting from him some great action, he considered that engaging with Hannibal on the spot was too old-fashioned and elderly, and resolved to ravage Carthage itself and Libya, immediately filling them with arms and armies, and to transfer the war there from Italy, and towards this end he egged on the people with all his heart; whereupon Fabius, bringing the city to the height of fear, as if it were being carried by a foolish and young man into the extreme and greatest danger, sparing neither word nor deed that seemed likely to turn the citizens away, persuaded the Senate; but to the people he seemed, out of envy, to be taking hold of and fearing Scipio's success, lest, if the latter achieved something great and brilliant and either utterly destroyed the war or drove it out of Italy, he himself should appear idle and soft for not having finished the war in so long a time.
§25.4ἔοικε δʼ ὁρμῆσαι μὲν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὁ Φάβιος πρὸς τὸ ἀντιλέγειν ὑπὸ πολλῆς ἀσφαλείας καὶ προνοίας, μέγαν ὄντα δεδιὼς τὸν κίνδυνον, ἐντεῖναι δέ πως μᾶλλον ἑαυτὸν καὶ πορρωτέρω προαχθῆναι φιλοτιμίᾳ τινὶ καὶ φιλονεικίᾳ, κωλύων τοῦ Σκηπίωνος τὴν αὔξησιν, ὅς γε καὶ Κράσσον ἔπειθε, τὸν συνυπατεύοντα τῷ Σκηπίωνι, μὴ παρεῖναι τὴν στρατηγίαν μηδʼ ὑπείκειν, ἀλλʼ αὐτὸν, εἰ δόξειεν, ἐπὶ Καρχηδονίους περαιοῦσθαι, καὶ χρήματα δοθῆναι πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον οὐκ εἴασε.
It seems that Fabius at first set out to speak against it out of much caution and foresight, fearing that the danger was great, but that he somehow exerted himself more and was carried further by a certain ambition and rivalry, trying to prevent the growth of Scipio; indeed, he even persuaded Crassus, Scipio's colleague in the consulship, not to surrender the command nor to yield, but to cross over against the Carthaginians himself, if it should seem fit, and he did not allow funds to be granted for the war.
§25.5χρήματα μὲν οὖν Σκηπίων ἑαυτῷ πορίζειν ἀναγκαζόμενος ἤγειρε παρὰ τῶν ἐν Τυρρηνίᾳ πόλεων ἰδίᾳ πρὸς αὐτὸν οἰκείως διακειμένων καὶ χαριζομένων Κράσσον δὲ τὰ μὲν ἡ φύσις οὐκ ὄντα φιλόνεικον, ἀλλὰ πρᾷον, οἴκοι κατεῖχε, τὰ δὲ καὶ νόμος θεῖος ἱερωσύνην ἔχοντα τὴν μεγίστην.
So Scipio, forced to provide funds for himself, raised them from the cities in Tyrrhenia which were privately friendly and well-disposed towards him; but as for Crassus, on the one hand, his nature, which was not competitive but gentle, kept him at home, and on the other, the divine law, since he held the office of chief priest.

Notes

  1. 25.1ἐπεὶ δὲ Σκηπίων — The long subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction ἐπεὶ (when) at the beginning of §25.1 extends all the way to συνεξώρμα τὸν δῆμον in §25.2. During this stretch, numerous participles (πεμφθείς, κρατήσας, κτησάμενος, ἐπανελθών, κατασταθείς, αἰσθόμενος, ἐμπλήσας) modify or supplement Scipio, describing the circumstances, until the main clause finally begins with ἐνταῦθα δὴ Φάβιος in the latter half of §25.2.
  2. 25.3μή τι μέγα καὶ λαμπρὸν ἐξεργασαμένου — The conjunction μή (lest / that) is introduced by the verb of fearing δεδιέναι (to fear), forming a clause of fearing ("fearing lest..."). Within this clause, a genitive absolute construction (ἐξεργασαμένου καὶ ... ἀνελόντος ἢ ... ἐκβαλόντος) is inserted, with the omitted Scipio as its implied subject, which ultimately connects to the subjunctive φανῇ ([lest Fabius himself] should appear), the main verb of the clause.
  3. 25.4ἔοικε δʼ ὁρμῆσαι — ἔοικε (seems) is used here not as an impersonal construction ("it seems that..."), but as a personal construction with the subject ὁ Φάβιος ("Fabius seems to have..."). Thus, the subject of the infinitives ὁρμῆσαι, ἐντεῖναι, and προαχθῆναι (passive infinitive) is in all cases identical with ὁ Φάβιος.
  4. 25.5Κράσσον δὲ τὰ μὲν ἡ φύσις ... κατεῖχε — τὰ μὲν ... τὰ δὲ is an adverbial expression meaning "on the one hand... on the other hand...". The overall structure of the sentence features the accusative object Κράσσον and two subjects, ἡ φύσις (nature) and νόμος θεῖος (divine law), which share the common verb κατεῖχε (kept). The participles οὐκ ὄντα (not being [competitive]) and ἔχοντα (holding [the priesthood]) are circumstantial participles agreeing with the object Κράσσον, not with the subjects.

Cite this passage

Plutarch, Life of Fabius Maximus §25.1-25.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg013.humanitext-grc2:25.1-25.5

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