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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §8.66.1-8.66.5

Oligarchic Terror and the Enforced Silence of Athens

Passage 874 of 917 · Greek

Summary

Details the reign of terror under oligarchic rule in Athens. The assembly and council became mere formalities, dissenters were quietly eliminated, and profound mutual suspicion among the populace prevented any organized resistance.

§8.66.1ἦν δὲ τοῦτο εὐπρεπὲς πρὸς τοὺς πλείους, ἐπεὶ ἕξειν γε τὴν πόλιν οἵπερ καὶ μεθίστασαν ἔμελλον.
But this was a mere specious pretext for the majority, since those who were changing the constitution were indeed about to hold the city.
δῆμος μέντοι ὅμως ἔτι καὶ βουλὴ ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ κυάμου ξυνελέγετο· ἐβούλευον δὲ οὐδὲν ὅτι μὴ τοῖς ξυνεστῶσι δοκοίη, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ λέγοντες ἐκ τούτων ἦσαν καὶ τὰ ῥηθησόμενα πρότερον αὐτοῖς προύσκεπτο. §8.66.2ἀντέλεγέ τε οὐδεὶς ἔτι τῶν ἄλλων, δεδιὼς καὶ ὁρῶν πολὺ τὸ ξυνεστηκός· εἰ δέ τις καὶ ἀντείποι, εὐθὺς ἐκ τρόπου τινὸς ἐπιτηδείου ἐτεθνήκει, καὶ τῶν δρασάντων οὔτε ζήτησις οὔτ’ εἰ ὑποπτεύοιντο δικαίωσις ἐγίγνετο, ἀλλ’ ἡσυχίαν εἶχεν ὁ δῆμος καὶ κατάπληξιν τοιαύτην ὥστε κέρδος ὁ μὴ πάσχων τι βίαιον, εἰ καὶ σιγῴη, ἐνόμιζεν. §8.66.3καὶ τὸ ξυνεστηκὸς πολὺ πλέον ἡγούμενοι εἶναι ἢ ὅσον ἐτύγχανεν ὂν ἡσσῶντο ταῖς γνώμαις, καὶ ἐξευρεῖν αὐτὸ ἀδύνατοι ὄντες διὰ τὸ μέγεθος τῆς πόλεως καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀλλήλων ἀγνωσίαν οὐκ εἶχον [αὐτοὶ ἐξευρεῖν]. §8.66.4κατὰ δὲ ταὐτὸ τοῦτο καὶ προσολοφύρασθαί τινι ἀγανακτήσαντα, ὥστε ἀμύνασθαι ἐπιβουλεύσαντα, ἀδύνατον ἦν· ἢ γὰρ ἀγνῶτα ἂν ηὗρεν ᾧ ἐρεῖ ἢ γνώριμον ἄπιστον.
Nevertheless, the assembly and the council chosen by bean still continued to meet; however, they decided nothing that did not please the conspirators; rather, the speakers themselves were from their number, and what was to be said had been previously examined by them. And no one of the rest spoke against them anymore, being afraid and seeing that the conspiracy was large; and if anyone did speak against them, he was immediately put to death in some convenient manner, and there was no search for those who did it, nor any prosecution even if they were suspected; instead, the people kept quiet, and were in such terror that anyone who suffered no violence, even if he remained silent, considered it a gain. And thinking that the conspiracy was much larger than it actually happened to be, they were broken in spirit; and being unable to find it out because of the size of the city and their lack of knowledge of one another, they could not do so. For this same reason, it was also impossible for anyone to complain to another in his indignation, so as to plot to defend himself; for he would have found either a stranger to speak to, or an acquaintance who was untrustworthy. For all those of the popular party approached one another with suspicion, as though everyone had a hand in what was going on.
§8.66.5ἀλλήλοις γὰρ ἅπαντες ὑπόπτως προσῇσαν οἱ τοῦ δήμου, ὡς μετέχοντά τινα τῶν γιγνομένων. ἐνῆσαν γὰρ καὶ οὓς οὐκ ἄν ποτέ τις ᾤετο ἐς ὀλιγαρχίαν τραπέσθαι· καὶ τὸ ἄπιστον οὗτοι μέγιστον πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐποίησαν καὶ πλεῖστα ἐς τὴν τῶν ὀλίγων ἀσφάλειαν ὠφέλησαν, βέβαιον τὴν ἀπιστίαν τῷ δήμῳ πρὸς ἑαυτὸν καταστήσαντες.
For there were among them even those whom no one would ever have expected to turn to oligarchy; and these made the greatest distrust among the multitude and was of the greatest assistance toward the security of the few, by establishing a firm distrust in the people toward themselves.

Notes

  1. 8.66.1ὅτι μὴ — An idiomatic expression meaning 'except' or 'other than'. Here, correlated with the negative οὐδὲν, it means 'nothing except what pleased (δοκοίη) the conspirators'. It is also frequently written as ὅ τι μὴ.
  2. 8.66.2ἐτεθνήκει — The pluperfect indicative active third-person singular of θνῄσκω. While the protasis εἴ τις καὶ ἀντείποι uses the optative (expressing a past general or iterative condition), the pluperfect in the apodosis emphasizes the immediate and certain outcome: any dissenter 'was immediately dead'.
  3. 8.66.2ὥστε κέρδος ὁ μὴ πάσχων τι βίαιον, εἰ καὶ σιγῴη, ἐνόμιζεν — The structure within the ὥστε clause of result: the subject is the substantivized present participle phrase ὁ μὴ πάσχων τι βίαιον ('he who suffered no violence'), the main verb is ἐνόμιζεν, which takes κέρδος ('a gain') as its predicate noun. The conditional clause εἰ καὶ σιγῴη ('even if he kept silent') is embedded within.
  4. 8.66.4ἀγανακτήσαντα, ὥστε ἀμύνασθαι ἐπιβουλεύσαντα — The accusative participles ἀγανακτήσαντα and ἐπιβουλεύσαντα agree with the implied subject (such as τινά, representing a general person) of the infinitive προσολοφύρασθαί ('to complain'), which depends on the impersonal construction ἀδύνατον ἦν ('it was impossible'). They are in the accusative because they modify the logical subject of the infinitive.
  5. 8.66.5ὡς μετέχοντά τινα τῶν γιγνομένων — An accusative participle construction with the conjunction ὡς ('on the assumption that...', 'because they thought...'). It functions as an accusative absolute indicating the subjective attitude of the people implied by the preceding verb προσῇσαν ('they approached'), where τινά is the logical subject of the participle μετέχοντα.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §8.66.1-8.66.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.66.1-8.66.5

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