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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §7.71.1-7.71.7

Agony of the Onlookers on Shore and Athenian Defeat

Passage 792 of 917 · Greek

Summary

As the naval battle rages in suspense, the land forces of both sides watch from the shore, gripped by extreme tension and swinging emotions. Ultimately, the Athenians are routed, throwing their entire army into total panic and despair.

§7.71.1ὅ τε ἐκ τῆς γῆς πεζὸς ἀμφοτέρων ἰσορρόπου τῆς ναυμαχίας καθεστηκυίας πολὺν τὸν ἀγῶνα καὶ ξύστασιν τῆς γνώμης εἶχε, φιλονικῶν μὲν ὁ αὐτόθεν περὶ τοῦ πλέονος ἤδη καλοῦ, δεδιότες δὲ οἱ ἐπελθόντες μὴ τῶν παρόντων ἔτι χείρω πράξωσιν.
While the sea-fight was still hanging in the balance, the infantry on both sides on the shore experienced a great struggle and tension of mind, those of the country (the Syracusans) being eager to win for themselves a still greater glory, while the invaders (the Athenians) feared lest they should fare even worse than at present.
§7.71.2πάντων γὰρ δὴ ἀνακειμένων τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐς τὰς ναῦς ὅ τε φόβος ἦν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος οὐδενὶ ἐοικώς, καὶ διὰ τὸ 〈ἀνώμαλον〉 τῆς ναυμαχίας ἀνώμαλον καὶ τὴν ἔποψιν ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἠναγκάζοντο ἔχειν.
For as everything for the Athenians depended on the ships, their fear for the future was like nothing they had ever felt before, and because the fight was irregular, they were forced to have an irregular view of it from the land.
§7.71.3δι’ ὀλίγου γὰρ οὔσης τῆς θέας καὶ οὐ πάντων ἅμα ἐς τὸ αὐτὸ σκοπούντων, εἰ μέν τινες ἴδοιέν πῃ τοὺς σφετέρους ἐπικρατοῦντας, ἀνεθάρσησάν τε ἂν καὶ πρὸς ἀνάκλησιν θεῶν μὴ στερῆσαι σφᾶς τῆς σωτηρίας ἐτρέποντο, οἱ δ’ ἐπὶ τὸ ἡσσώμενον βλέψαντες ὀλοφυρμῷ τε ἅμα μετὰ βοῆς ἐχρῶντο καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν δρωμένων τῆς ὄψεως καὶ τὴν γνώμην μᾶλλον τῶν ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ ἐδουλοῦντο·
Since the spectacle was near at hand and they were not all looking at the same point at once, if any saw their own men victorious in one quarter, they would be encouraged and fall to invoking the gods not to deprive them of safety; while those who looked towards the defeated part uttered lamentations mixed with cries, and from the sight of what was being done were more subdued in spirit than the actual combatants.
ἄλλοι δὲ καὶ πρὸς ἀντίπαλόν τι τῆς ναυμαχίας ἀπιδόντες, διὰ τὸ ἀκρίτως ξυνεχὲς τῆς ἁμίλλης καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν αὐτοῖς ἴσα τῇ δόξῃ περιδεῶς ξυναπονεύοντες ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα διῆγον· αἰεὶ γὰρ παρ’ ὀλίγον ἢ διέφευγον ἢ ἀπώλλυντο.
Others, again, looking towards some undecided part of the battle, by reason of the long-continued suspense of the struggle, swaying their very bodies in great fear in unison with their thoughts, passed their time in the most painful suspense; for they were always within a little of escaping or of perishing.
§7.71.4ἦν τε ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ στρατεύματι τῶν Ἀθηναίων, ἕως ἀγχώμαλα ἐναυμάχουν, πάντα ὁμοῦ ἀκοῦσαι, ὀλοφυρμὸς βοή, νικῶντες κρατούμενοι, ἄλλα ὅσα ἐν μεγάλῳ κινδύνῳ μέγα στρατόπεδον πολυειδῆ ἀναγκάζοιτο φθέγγεσθαι.
And in the same Athenian army, as long as the sea-fight was equal, one might hear all kinds of sounds at once—lamentation, shouting, cries of victory, of defeat, and all the other varied sounds which a great army in great danger is forced to utter.
§7.71.5παραπλήσια δὲ καὶ οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν νεῶν αὐτοῖς ἔπασχον, πρίν γε δὴ οἱ Συρακόσιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι ἐπὶ πολὺ ἀντισχούσης τῆς ναυμαχίας ἔτρεψάν τε τοὺς Ἀθηναίους καὶ ἐπικείμενοι λαμπρῶς, πολλῇ κραυγῇ καὶ διακελευσμῷ χρώμενοι, κατεδίωκον ἐς τὴν γῆν.
Those on board the ships felt much the same as their friends on shore, until at last the Syracusans and their allies, after the battle had lasted a long time, routed the Athenians and, pressing them hard with loud shouts and exhortations, pursued them to the land.
§7.71.6τότε δὲ ὁ μὲν ναυτικὸς στρατὸς ἄλλος ἄλλῃ, ὅσοι μὴ μετέωροι ἑάλωσαν, κατενεχθέντες ἐξέπεσον ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον· ὁ δὲ πεζὸς οὐκέτι διαφόρως, ἀλλ’ ἀπὸ μιᾶς ὁρμῆς οἰμωγῇ τε καὶ στόνῳ πάντες δυσανασχετοῦντες τὰ γιγνόμενα, οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς παρεβοήθουν, οἱ δὲ πρὸς τὸ λοιπὸν τοῦ τείχους ἐς φυλακήν, ἄλλοι δὲ καὶ οἱ πλεῖστοι ἤδη περὶ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς καὶ ὅπῃ σωθήσονται διεσκόπουν.
Then the naval force, except those who were captured in deep water, was driven ashore and fled into the camp; while the infantry, no longer with divided feelings, but all with one impulse, lamenting and groaning, could scarcely bear what was happening, and some rushed to help the ships, others to guard what remained of their wall, while still others, and these now the majority, began to look about for themselves and how they might be saved.
§7.71.7ἦν τε ἐν τῷ παραυτίκα οὐδεμιᾶς δὴ τῶν ξυμπασῶν ἐλάσσων ἔκπληξις.
And at that moment the panic was indeed as great as any that had ever occurred.
παραπλήσιά τε ἐπεπόνθεσαν καὶ ἔδρασαν αὐτοὶ ἐν Πύλῳ· διαφθαρεισῶν γὰρ τῶν νεῶν τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις προσαπώλλυντο αὐτοῖς καὶ οἱ ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ἄνδρες διαβεβηκότες, καὶ τότε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἀνέλπιστον ἦν τὸ κατὰ γῆν σωθήσεσθαι, ἢν μή τι παρὰ λόγον γίγνηται.
They had suffered and done much the same as they themselves did at Pylos; for when the Lacedaemonians lost their ships, they also lost the men who had crossed over to the island, and now the Athenians had no hope of being saved by land, unless some unexpected turn of fortune should occur.

Notes

  1. 7.71.1ἰσορρόπου τῆς ναυμαχίας καθεστηκυίας — Genitive absolute construction. It indicates the background or circumstance that the naval battle (ναυμαχία) remained in an undecided state of balance (ἰσόρροπος), causing intense psychological tension among the land forces.
  2. 7.71.2διὰ τὸ 〈ἀνώμαλον〉 τῆς ναυμαχίας ἀνώμαλον καὶ τὴν ἔποψιν... ἠναγκάζοντο ἔχειν — A passage with textual variation and difficulty in interpretation. The first ἀνώμαλον is missing in some manuscripts and has been restored by editors. The whole phrase expresses the correlation between the unevenness of the battle's progress (different quarters of the harbor having different fortunes) and the spectators' shifting and inconsistent perspective and emotional reactions (ἀνώμαλον τὴν ἔποψιν... ἔχειν).
  3. 7.71.3ἀνεθάρσησάν τε ἂν καὶ ... ἐτρέποντο — The particle ἄν combined with past indicative tenses (the aorist ἀνεθάρσησαν and the imperfect ἐτρέποντο) expresses repeated or habitual action in past time ("they would take courage and turn to..."). It describes the recurring reactions of individual groups of spectators whenever they happened to see their own side winning.
  4. 7.71.3τοῖς σώμασιν αὐτοῖς ἴσα τῇ δόξῃ περιδεῶς ξυναπονεύοντες — The adjective ἴσα is used adverbially, governing the dative τῇ δόξῃ (meaning 'belief', 'thought', or 'anxiety'). It forms a highly vivid and psychological construction: 'swaying their very bodies (τοῖς σώμασιν) in fear in unison with (ἴσα) their thoughts (τῇ δόξῃ)', illustrating the physical manifestation of their intense mental agony.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §7.71.1-7.71.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:7.71.1-7.71.7

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