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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §7.69.1-7.69.4

Nicias Exhorts His Captains and the Fleet Puts to Sea

Passage 790 of 917 · Greek

Summary

Upon detecting the Athenians' preparation, the Syracusan forces ready their ships, while Nicias, overwhelmed by the imminent danger, desperately exhorts his captains individually by appealing to their ancestral honor and country's freedom before drawing up his land forces on the shore. Subsequently, the Athenian fleet led by Demosthenes and others sets sail to force their way through the harbor barrier.

§7.69.1καὶ οἱ μὲν τῶν Συρακοσίων στρατηγοὶ καὶ Γύλιππος τοιαῦτα καὶ αὐτοὶ τοῖς σφετέροις στρατιώταις παρακελευσάμενοι ἀντεπλήρουν τὰς ναῦς εὐθὺς ἐπειδὴ καὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ᾐσθάνοντο. §7.69.2ὁ δὲ Νικίας ὑπὸ τῶν παρόντων ἐκπεπληγμένος καὶ ὁρῶν οἷος ὁ κίνδυνος καὶ ὡς ἐγγὺς ἤδη [ἦν], ἐπειδὴ καὶ ὅσον οὐκ ἔμελλον ἀνάγεσθαι, καὶ νομίσας, ὅπερ πάσχουσιν ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοις ἀγῶσι, πάντα τε ἔργῳ ἔτι σφίσιν ἐνδεᾶ εἶναι καὶ λόγῳ αὐτοῖς οὔπω ἱκανὰ εἰρῆσθαι, αὖθις τῶν τριηράρχων ἕνα ἕκαστον ἀνεκάλει, πατρόθεν τε ἐπονομάζων καὶ αὐτοὺς ὀνομαστὶ καὶ φυλήν, ἀξιῶν τό τε καθ’ ἑαυτόν, ᾧ ὑπῆρχε λαμπρότητός τι, μὴ προδιδόναι τινὰ καὶ τὰς πατρικὰς ἀρετάς, ὧν ἐπιφανεῖς ἦσαν οἱ πρόγονοι, μὴ ἀφανίζειν, πατρίδος τε τῆς ἐλευθερωτάτης ὑπομιμνῄσκων καὶ τῆς ἐν αὐτῇ ἀνεπιτάκτου πᾶσιν ἐς τὴν δίαιταν ἐξουσίας, ἄλλα τε λέγων ὅσα ἐν τῷ τοιούτῳ ἤδη τοῦ καιροῦ ὄντες ἄνθρωποι οὐ πρὸς τὸ δοκεῖν τινὶ ἀρχαιολογεῖν φυλαξάμενοι εἴποιεν ἄν, καὶ ὑπὲρ ἁπάντων παραπλήσια ἔς τε γυναῖκας καὶ παῖδας καὶ θεοὺς πατρῴους προφερόμενα, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τῇ παρούσῃ ἐκπλήξει ὠφέλιμα νομίζοντες ἐπιβοῶνται. §7.69.3καὶ ὁ μὲν οὐχ ἱκανὰ μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ ἀναγκαῖα νομίσας παρῃνῆσθαι, ἀποχωρήσας ἦγε τὸν πεζὸν πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ παρέταξεν ὡς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐδύνατο, ὅπως ὅτι μεγίστη τοῖς ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶν ὠφελία ἐς τὸ θαρσεῖν γίγνοιτο· §7.69.4ὁ δὲ Δημοσθένης καὶ Μένανδρος καὶ Εὐθύδημος (οὗτοι γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγοὶ ἐπέβησαν) ἄραντες ἀπὸ τοῦ ἑαυτῶν στρατοπέδου εὐθὺς ἔπλεον πρὸς τὸ ζεῦγμα τοῦ λιμένος καὶ τὸν παραλειφθέντα διέκπλουν, βουλόμενοι βιάσασθαι ἐς τὸ ἔξω.
And the Syracusan generals and Gylippus, having themselves also exhorted their own soldiers in this manner, immediately filled their ships as soon as they perceived the Athenians doing so. But Nicias, dismayed by the present circumstances and seeing how great the danger was and how near it now was, since they were just on the point of putting out to sea, and thinking, as men always do in great struggles, that everything was still lacking in their actions and that not enough had yet been said by them in words, once more called back the trierarchs one by one, addressing them by their own names, their fathers' names, and their tribes. He exhorted each one who possessed any luster of his own not to betray it, and not to obscure the ancestral virtues for which their forefathers were distinguished, reminding them of their country, which was the freest in the world, and of the unfettered liberty in daily life which all enjoyed there. He said other things as well, such as men in such an extremity, not guarding themselves against being thought by anyone to speak old-fashioned platitudes, would utter, bringing forward similar appeals on behalf of wives, children, and ancestral gods for all alike, but crying them aloud because they believe them to be useful in the present panic. Having then thought, not so much that he had exhorted them sufficiently, but rather that he had said what was barely necessary, he withdrew and led the infantry to the sea, drawing them up over as wide a space as he could, so that they might be of the greatest possible help in giving confidence to those on board the ships. Meanwhile Demosthenes, Menandros, and Euthydemos, who had embarked as the generals in command of the Athenian fleet, weighed anchor from their camp and sailed straight for the barrier of the harbor and the passage that had been left open, wishing to force their way to the outside.

Notes

  1. 7.69.2ὅσον οὐκ — Used in combination with the conjunction ἐπειδὴ to mean "just when" or "on the very point of." Literally meaning "how little is not," the phrase ὅσον οὐκ functions as an adverbial idiom for "almost" or "all but," which here, combined with the imperfect ἔμελλον, vividly depicts the fleet being on the verge of setting sail.
  2. 7.69.2μὴ προδιδόναι τινὰ — The subject of the infinitive προδιδόναι is the indefinite pronoun τινὰ (accusative) inside the infinitive clause. In this context, it refers to each of the trierarchs ("that anyone who..."). The object is the preceding phrase τό τε καθ’ ἑαυτόν ("his own self/reputation"), which is modified by the relative clause ᾧ ὑπῆρχε λαμπρότητός τι ("in whom there was some luster").
  3. 7.69.3οὐχ ἱκανὰ μᾶλλον ἢ καὶ ἀναγκαῖα — A comparative expression meaning "not so much sufficient as rather [merely] necessary," which conveys Nicias's sorrowful state of mind. The structure μᾶλλον ἤ compares two adjectives to mean "B rather than A." Here it implies that Nicias did not feel his speech was fully adequate to the occasion, but was rather the bare minimum required by the emergency.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §7.69.1-7.69.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:7.69.1-7.69.4

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