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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §7.40.1-7.40.5

Syracusan Surprise Attack and Athenian Naval Defeat

Passage 761 of 917 · Greek

Summary

The Syracusans temporarily retreat as a ruse to take their meal, catching the relaxed Athenians off guard. The unprepared Athenians launch a counter-attack but suffer severe damage from the Syracusans' reinforced prows and small boats.

§7.40.1καὶ οἱ μὲν πεισθέντες ἔπεμψαν ἄγγελον, καὶ ἡ ἀγορὰ παρεσκευάσθη, καὶ οἱ Συρακόσιοι ἐξαίφνης πρύμναν κρουσάμενοι πάλιν πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἔπλευσαν καὶ εὐθὺς ἐκβάντες αὐτοῦ ἄριστον ἐποιοῦντο·
And they, being persuaded, sent a messenger, and the market was prepared; and the Syracusans suddenly backed water and sailed back toward the city, and immediately disembarking there, took their midday meal.
§7.40.2οἱ δ’ Ἀθηναῖοι νομίσαντες αὐτοὺς ὡς ἡσσημένους σφῶν πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἀνακρούσασθαι, καθ’ ἡσυχίαν ἐκβάντες τά τε ἄλλα διεπράσσοντο καὶ τὰ ἀμφὶ τὸ ἄριστον ὡς τῆς γε ἡμέρας ταύτης οὐκέτι οἰόμενοι ἂν ναυμαχῆσαι.
The Athenians, thinking that they had retreated toward the city because they were worsted by them, disembarked at their leisure and occupied themselves with other matters as well as their midday meal, believing that on this day at least they would no longer have to fight.
§7.40.3ἐξαίφνης δὲ οἱ Συρακόσιοι πληρώσαντες τὰς ναῦς ἐπέπλεον αὖθις· οἱ δὲ διὰ πολλοῦ θορύβου καὶ ἄσιτοι οἱ πλείους οὐδενὶ κόσμῳ ἐσβάντες μόλις ποτὲ ἀντανήγοντο.
But suddenly the Syracusans, having manned their ships, sailed against them again; and the Athenians, in great confusion and most of them without food, embarked in no order, and with great difficulty at last put out to meet them.
§7.40.4καὶ χρόνον μέν τινα ἀπέσχοντο ἀλλήλων φυλασσόμενοι· ἔπειτα οὐκ ἐδόκει τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ὑπὸ σφῶν αὐτῶν διαμέλλοντας κόπῳ ἁλίσκεσθαι, ἀλλ’ ἐπιχειρεῖν ὅτι τάχιστα, καὶ ἐπιφερόμενοι ἐκ παρακελεύσεως ἐναυμάχουν.
And for some time they held off from one another, keeping on their guard; but then it seemed to the Athenians that they should not, by delaying of their own accord, be worn out by fatigue, but should attack as quickly as possible, and so, bearing down with mutual encouragement, they engaged in battle.
§7.40.5οἱ δὲ Συρακόσιοι δεξάμενοι καὶ ταῖς [τε] ναυσὶν ἀντιπρῴροις χρώμενοι, ὥσπερ διενοήθησαν, τῶν ἐμβόλων τῇ παρασκευῇ ἀνερρήγνυσαν τὰς τῶν Ἀθηναίων ναῦς ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς παρεξειρεσίας, καὶ οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν καταστρωμάτων αὐτοῖς ἀκοντίζοντες μεγάλα ἔβλαπτον τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, πολὺ δ’ ἔτι μείζω οἱ ἐν τοῖς λεπτοῖς πλοίοις περιπλέοντες τῶν Συρακοσίων καὶ ἔς τε τοὺς ταρσοὺς ὑποπίπτοντες τῶν πολεμίων νεῶν καὶ ἐς τὰ πλάγια παραπλέοντες καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐς τοὺς ναύτας ἀκοντίζοντες.
The Syracusans received them, and using their ships head-on, as they had planned, they shattered the Athenians' ships along a great part of the outriggers by the preparation of their bows, and those on the decks casting javelins at them did great damage to the Athenians, but far greater damage still was done by those of the Syracusans who cruised around in small boats, slipping under the oars of the enemy ships and sailing up to their sides, and from these boats casting javelins at the sailors.

Notes

  1. 7.40.2ὡς ἡσσημένους σφῶν — The conjunction ὡς accompanies the participle ἡσσημένους to express a subjective reason (what the Athenians believed). σφῶν is the genitive plural of the indirect reflexive pronoun referring to the Athenians themselves, serving as a genitive of comparison after the participle ἡσσημένους (derived from the comparative ἥσσων, meaning 'to be inferior to' or 'defeated by').
  2. 7.40.2ἂν ναυμαχῆσαι — The particle ἂν combined with the infinitive ναυμαχῆσαι represents an original οὐκ ἂν ναυμαχήσαιμεν in direct discourse (a potential optative or a weakened future statement, 'we would no longer fight'). It is dependent on the participle οἰόμενοι ('thinking').
  3. 7.40.4οὐκ ἐδόκει τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ὑπὸ σφῶν αὐτῶν διαμέλλοντας κόπῳ ἁλίσκεσθαι — In the impersonal construction οὐκ ἐδόκει ('it did not seem good to the Athenians'), the participle διαμέλλοντας is in the accusative plural as the subject of the infinitive ἁλίσκεσθαι, despite the preceding dative τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις. The phrase ὑπὸ σφῶν αὐτῶν ('by themselves') modifies either διαμέλλοντας (delaying by their own act) or ἁλίσκεσθαι (being undone/captured by their own doing).
  4. 7.40.5ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς παρεξειρεσίας — The genitive τῆς παρεξειρεσίας ('outrigger' or the projecting part of the rowers' gallery) is a partitive genitive dependent on the accusative phrase ἐπὶ πολύ ('over a great part'), meaning 'over a large portion of the outrigger.'

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §7.40.1-7.40.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:7.40.1-7.40.5

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