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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §6.23.1-6.23.4

Nicias on Thorough Preparation and Yielding Command

Passage 639 of 917 · Greek

Summary

Nicias strongly asserts the necessity of making overwhelming preparations without relying on fortune, arguing that failure in hostile territory risks turning everything against them, and concludes his speech by offering to yield command to anyone who disagrees.

§6.23.1ἢν γὰρ αὐτοὶ ἔλθωμεν ἐνθένδε μὴ ἀντίπαλον μόνον παρασκευασάμενοι,πλήν γε πρὸς τὸ μάχιμον αὐτῶν, τὸ ὁπλιτικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπερβάλλοντες τοῖς πᾶσι, μόλις οὕτως οἷοί τε ἐσόμεθα τῶν μὲν κρατεῖν, τὰ δὲ καὶ διασῶσαι.
For if we set out from here not merely having prepared a force equal to theirs, except indeed against their fighting force, the hoplites, but even surpassing them in all respects, only thus will we be scarcely able to master the former and to preserve the latter.
§6.23.2πόλιν τε νομίσαι χρὴ ἐν ἀλλοφύλοις καὶ πολεμίοις οἰκιοῦντας ἰέναι, οὓς πρέπει τῇ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ ἂν κατάσχωσιν εὐθὺς κρατεῖν τῆς γῆς, ἢ εἰδέναι ὅτι, ἢν σφάλλωνται, πάντα πολέμια ἕξουσιν.
And we must consider that we are going to found a city among foreign and hostile peoples, whom it behoves on the very first day they land to master the land immediately, or to know that, if they fail, they will find everything hostile.
§6.23.3ὅπερ ἐγὼ φοβούμενος, καὶ εἰδὼς πολλὰ μὲν ἡμᾶς δέον εὖ βουλεύσασθαι, ἔτι δὲ πλείω εὐτυχῆσαι (χαλεπὸν δὲ ἀνθρώπους ὄντας), ὅτι ἐλάχιστα τῇ τύχῃ παραδοὺς ἐμαυτὸν βούλομαι ἐκπλεῖν, παρασκευῇ δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰκότων ἀσφαλὴς ἐκπλεῦσαι.
This indeed is what I fear, and knowing that we must take much good counsel, and still more have good fortune (which is difficult, being human), that is why I wish to sail out committing myself as little as possible to fortune, and to sail out safe through preparation based on reasonable calculations.
§6.23.4ταῦτα γὰρ τῇ τε ξυμπάσῃ πόλει βεβαιότατα ἡγοῦμαι καὶ ἡμῖν τοῖς στρατευσομένοις σωτήρια.
For I hold these precautions to be most secure for the state as a whole and safe for us who are going to campaign.
εἰ δέ τῳ ἄλλως δοκεῖ, παρίημι αὐτῷ τὴν ἀρχήν. ’
But if anyone thinks otherwise, I yield the command to him."

Notes

  1. 6.23.1πλήν γε πρὸς τὸ μάχιμον αὐτῶν, τὸ ὁπλιτικόν — The phrase 'πλήν γε' expresses an exception: 'except indeed against their fighting force, the hoplites.' Nicias acknowledges the realistic limitation that Athens cannot easily surpass the enemy in the sheer number of hoplites—where achieving equality (ἀντίπαλον) is the best they can hope for—and thus emphasizes the necessity of dominating them in all other aspects (toîs pâsi) of preparation.
  2. 6.23.2πόλιν τε νομίσαι χρὴ ἐν ἀλλοφύλοις καὶ πολεμίοις οἰκιοῦντας ἰέναι — The infinitive 'ἰέναι' (to go) is a complementary infinitive dependent on 'χρὴ' (it is necessary), with its accusative subject (ἡμᾶς) omitted. The future active participle 'οἰκιοῦντας' (intending to found a city) agrees in the accusative with this omitted subject representing the expeditionary force, framing their hostile invasion under the stark metaphor of founding a colony.
  3. 6.23.3πολλὰ μὲν ἡμᾶς δέον εὖ βουλεύσασθαι — The participle 'δέον' of the impersonal verb 'δεῖ' (it is necessary) is used as an accusative absolute, meaning 'knowing that it is necessary.' The accusative 'ἡμᾶς' serves as the subject of the infinitives 'βουλεύσασθαι' (to plan well) and the subsequent 'εὐτυχῆσαι' (to have good fortune).
  4. 6.23.3ὅπερ ἐγὼ φοβούμενος ... ὅτι ... βούλομαι ἐκπλεῖν — The relative pronoun 'ὅπερ' (this very thing) refers to the preceding statement (that failure leads to total hostility) and acts as the object of the participle 'φοβούμενος' (fearing). The main verb is 'βούλομαι' (I wish), and the 'ὅτι' clause ('that is why' or 'because') explains Nicias's psychological motivation for desiring to set out with secure preparation rather than relying on chance.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §6.23.1-6.23.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:6.23.1-6.23.4

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