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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §5.16.1-5.16.3

Motives of Nicias and Pleistoanax for Peace

Passage 516 of 917 · Greek

Summary

After the deaths of Cleon and Brasidas at Amphipolis, Nicias of Athens and Pleistoanax of Sparta strongly promote peace negotiations for their own reasons. Pleistoanax, in particular, sought peace to silence the accusations regarding his allegedly unlawful restoration through a corrupted oracle.

§5.16.1ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ ἡ ἐν Ἀμφιπόλει ἧσσα τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐγεγένητο καὶ ἐτεθνήκει Κλέων τε καὶ Βρασίδας, οἵπερ ἀμφοτέρωθεν μάλιστα ἠναντιοῦντο τῇ εἰρήνῃ, ὁ μὲν διὰ τὸ εὐτυχεῖν τε καὶ τιμᾶσθαι ἐκ τοῦ πολεμεῖν, ὁ δὲ γενομένης ἡσυχίας καταφανέστερος νομίζων ἂν εἶναι κακουργῶν καὶ ἀπιστότερος διαβάλλων, τότε δὴ ἑκατέρᾳ τῇ πόλει σπεύδοντες τὰ μάλιστα τὴν ἡγεμονίαν Πλειστοάναξ τε ὁ Παυσανίου βασιλεὺς Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Νικίας ὁ Νικηράτου, πλεῖστα τῶν τότε εὖ φερόμενος ἐν στρατηγίαις, πολλῷ δὴ μᾶλλον προυθυμοῦντο, Νικίας μὲν βουλόμενος, ἐν ᾧ ἀπαθὴς ἦν καὶ ἠξιοῦτο, διασώσασθαι τὴν εὐτυχίαν, καὶ ἔς τε τὸ αὐτίκα πόνων πεπαῦσθαι καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ τοὺς πολίτας παῦσαι καὶ τῷ μέλλοντι χρόνῳ καταλιπεῖν ὄνομα ὡς οὐδὲν σφήλας τὴν πόλιν διεγένετο, νομίζων ἐκ τοῦ ἀκινδύνου τοῦτο ξυμβαίνειν καὶ ὅστις ἐλάχιστα τύχῃ αὑτὸν παραδίδωσι, τὸ δὲ ἀκίνδυνον τὴν εἰρήνην παρέχειν, Πλειστοάναξ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν διαβαλλόμενος περὶ τῆς καθόδου, καὶ ἐς ἐνθυμίαν τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις αἰεὶ προβαλλόμενος ὑπ’ αὐτῶν, ὁπότε τι πταίσειαν, ὡς διὰ τὴν ἐκείνου κάθοδον παρανομηθεῖσαν ταῦτα ξυμβαίνοι.
But when the defeat at Amphipolis had also befallen the Athenians, and both Cleon and Brasidas were dead, who on either side had been the most opposed to peace—the one because of his success and honor derived from war, the other because he thought that if quietness were established, his evil deeds would be more manifest and his slanders less believed—then indeed, Pleistoanax son of Pausanias, king of the Lacedaemonians, and Nicias son of Niceratus, who of those of his time was most successful in his military commands, being both most eager to lead in each of their cities, were much more zealous for peace. Nicias wished, while he was still unharmed and held in high esteem, to preserve his good fortune, and both for the present to have rest from labors himself and to give his citizens rest, and for the time to come to leave behind a name as one who had gone through life without ever bringing disaster upon the city, believing that this is achieved by keeping out of danger, and by one delivering oneself as little as possible to fortune, and that peace provides this safety. Pleistoanax, on the other hand, was being slandered by his enemies concerning his restoration, and was always being brought forward by them to the Lacedaemonians as a matter of religious anxiety whenever they met with any setback, on the ground that these things happened because of his unlawful return.
§5.16.2τὴν γὰρ πρόμαντιν τὴν ἐν Δελφοῖς ἐπῃτιῶντο αὐτὸν πεῖσαι μετ’ Ἀριστοκλέους τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ὥστε χρῆσαι Λακεδαιμονίοις ἐπὶ πολὺ τάδε θεωροῖς ἀφικνουμένοις, Διὸς υἱοῦ ἡμιθέου τὸ σπέρμα ἐκ τῆς ἀλλοτρίας ἐς τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀναφέρειν, εἰ δὲ μή, ἀργυρέᾳ εὐλάκᾳ εὐλαξεῖν·
For they accused him of having, together with his brother Aristocles, persuaded the prophetess at Delphi to give this oracle to the Lacedaemonians who came to consult her over a long period: to bring back the seed of the demigod son of Zeus from the foreign land to their own; otherwise, they would plow with a silver plowshare.
§5.16.3χρόνῳ δὲ προτρέψαι τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους φεύγοντα αὐτὸν ἐς Λύκαιον διὰ τὴν ἐκ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ποτὲ μετὰ δώρων δοκήσεως ἀναχώρησιν, καὶ ἥμισυ τῆς οἰκίας τοῦ ἱεροῦ τότε τοῦ Διὸς οἰκοῦντα φόβῳ τῷ Λακεδαιμονίων, ἔτει ἑνὸς δέοντι εἰκοστῷ τοῖς ὁμοίοις χοροῖς καὶ θυσίαις καταγαγεῖν ὥσπερ ὅτε τὸ πρῶτον Λακεδαίμονα κτίζοντες τοὺς βασιλέας καθίσταντο.
And they said that in time he had induced the Lacedaemonians to restore him in the nineteenth year, with the same choruses and sacrifices as when they first established the kings at the founding of Lacedaemon—he who had been in exile at Mount Lycaeum because of his retreat from Attica, which was once suspected to have been done for bribes, and who through fear of the Lacedaemonians had then lived in a dwelling half of which was within the temple of Zeus.

Notes

  1. 5.16.1νομίζων ἂν εἶναι — The particle ἄν with the participle νομίζων belongs to the infinitive εἶναι in indirect discourse, representing a potential optative or an unreal indicative (i.e., 'thinking that he would be...').
  2. 5.16.1ἐς ἐνθυμίαν ... προβαλλόμενος — The expression ἐς ἐνθυμίαν προβάλλειν is an idiom meaning 'to present as a matter of religious anxiety or conscience.' It refers to how Pleistoanax's enemies constantly blamed their military setbacks on his 'unlawful return,' appealing to superstitious fears of divine anger.
  3. 5.16.2ἀργυρέᾳ εὐλάκᾳ εὐλαξεῖν — 'To plow with a silver plowshare' is an enigmatic proverbial oracle from Delphi. It warns that if they did not obey (by bringing back the king), their agriculture would become ruinously expensive, implying a famine where they would have to buy food with silver.
  4. 5.16.3ἔτει ἑνὸς δέοντι εἰκοστῷ — 'In the year wanting one of twenty,' which is the idiomatic Greek way of expressing 'in the nineteenth year.'
  5. 5.16.3καταγαγεῖν — This infinitive depends on προτρέψαι (or is coordinate with it), expressing the result of the persuasion ('induced the Lacedaemonians to restore him'). The series of infinitives (πεῖσαι, χρῆσαι, προτρέψαι, καταγαγεῖν) is governed by the main verb of accusation ἐπῃτιῶντο in indirect discourse.

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §5.16.1-5.16.3. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:5.16.1-5.16.3

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