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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §4.98.1-4.98.8

Athenian Justification for the Occupation of Delium

Passage 463 of 917 · Greek

Summary

The Athenians send a herald back to the Boeotians, justifying their occupation of Delium based on Greek customs of conquest and necessity, and accusing the Boeotians of greater impiety for holding the dead hostage.

§4.98.1τοσαῦτα τοῦ κήρυκος εἰπόντος οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι πέμψαντες παρὰ τοὺς Βοιωτοὺς ἑαυτῶν κήρυκα τοῦ μὲν ἱεροῦ οὔτε ἀδικῆσαι ἔφασαν οὐδὲν οὔτε τοῦ λοιποῦ ἑκόντες βλάψειν· οὐδὲ γὰρ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐσελθεῖν ἐπὶ τούτῳ, ἀλλ’ ἵνα ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας μᾶλλον σφᾶς ἀμύνωνται.
When the herald had said this, the Athenians sent their own herald to the Boeotians, declaring that they had neither done any wrong to the temple nor would they voluntarily damage it in the future; for they had not entered it at the beginning for this purpose, but rather to defend themselves from it against those who were wronging them.
§4.98.2τὸν δὲ νόμον τοῖς Ἕλλησιν εἶναι, ὧν ἂν ᾖ τὸ κράτος τῆς γῆς ἑκάστης ἤν τε πλέονος ἤν τε βραχυτέρας, τούτων καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ αἰεὶ γίγνεσθαι, τρόποις θεραπευόμενα οἷς ἂν πρὸς τοῖς εἰωθόσι καὶ δύνωνται.
They asserted that it was a law among the Greeks that whoever held the sovereignty of any land, whether greater or smaller, to them the temples also always belonged, to be served in whatever ways they could in addition to the customary rites.
§4.98.3καὶ γὰρ Βοιωτοὺς καὶ τοὺς πολλοὺς τῶν ἄλλων, ὅσοι ἐξαναστήσαντές τινα βίᾳ νέμονται γῆν, ἀλλοτρίοις ἱεροῖς τὸ πρῶτον ἐπελθόντας οἰκεῖα νῦν κεκτῆσθαι.
For indeed, the Boeotians and most other peoples, as many as have expelled others by force and now occupy their land, having initially invaded temples belonging to others, now possess them as their own.
§4.98.4καὶ αὐτοί, εἰ μὲν ἐπὶ πλέον δυνηθῆναι τῆς ἐκείνων κρατῆσαι, τοῦτ’ ἂν ἔχειν· νῦν δὲ ἐν ᾧ μέρει εἰσίν, ἑκόντες εἶναι ὡς ἐκ σφετέρου οὐκ ἀπιέναι.
And they themselves, if they had been able to conquer more of the Boeotians' territory, would hold it; but as for the part in which they now are, they will not depart from it voluntarily, as they consider it their own.
§4.98.5ὕδωρ τε ἐν τῇ ἀνάγκῃ κινῆσαι, ἣν οὐκ αὐτοὶ ὕβρει προσθέσθαι, ἀλλ’ ἐκείνους προτέρους ἐπὶ τὴν σφετέραν ἐλθόντας ἀμυνόμενοι βιάζεσθαι χρῆσθαι.
As for the water, they had meddled with it under necessity, which they had not brought upon themselves out of insolence, but rather they were compelled to use it in defending themselves against the Boeotians who had first invaded their territory.
§4.98.6πᾶν δ’ εἰκὸς εἶναι τὸ πολέμῳ καὶ δεινῷ τινὶ κατειργόμενον ξύγγνωμόν τι γίγνεσθαι καὶ πρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ. καὶ γὰρ τῶν ἀκουσίων ἁμαρτημάτων καταφυγὴν εἶναι τοὺς βωμούς, παρανομίαν τε ἐπὶ τοῖς μὴ ἀνάγκῃ κακοῖς ὀνομασθῆναι καὶ οὐκ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ξυμφορῶν τι τολμήσασιν.
And everything done under the pressure of war or some danger was likely to meet with indulgence even from the god; indeed, altars are a refuge for involuntary transgressions, and the term "transgression of law" is applied to those who do evil without necessity, and not to those who dare something because of their misfortunes.
§4.98.7τούς τε νεκροὺς πολὺ μειζόνως ἐκείνους ἀντὶ ἱερῶν ἀξιοῦντας ἀποδιδόναι ἀσεβεῖν ἢ τοὺς μὴ ἐθέλοντας ἱεροῖς τὰ πρέποντα κομίζεσθαι.
And they declared that those (the Boeotians) who demanded the return of the dead in exchange for the temples were guilty of a much greater impiety than those (the Athenians) who refused to pay the temples unsuitable dues.
§4.98.8σαφῶς τε ἐκέλευον σφίσιν εἰπεῖν μὴ ἀπιοῦσιν ἐκ τῆς Βοιωτῶν γῆς (οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῇ ἐκείνων ἔτι εἶναι, ἐν ᾗ δὲ δορὶ ἐκτήσαντο), ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὰ πάτρια τοὺς νεκροὺς σπένδουσιν ἀναιρεῖσθαι.
They flatly commanded them to tell them, not to depart from the land of the Boeotians (for they were no longer in the Boeotians' territory, but in land which they had acquired by the spear), but that they should be allowed to take up their dead upon making a truce according to ancestral custom.

Notes

  1. §4.98.1τοῦ μὲν ἱεροῦ — The genitive τοῦ ἱεροῦ functions as a genitive of reference ('with regard to the temple') modifying both transitive verbs ἀδικῆσαι and βλάψειν. Although these verbs usually govern the accusative, the genitive is placed first to emphasize the primary topic of the dispute.
  2. §4.98.4ἑκόντες εἶναι — An idiomatic absolute infinitive construction used chiefly in negative sentences, meaning 'voluntarily' or 'so far as their own will is concerned'. Combined with the negative οὐκ, it reinforces the absolute refusal to withdraw voluntarily.
  3. §4.98.7τούς τε νεκροὺς πολὺ μειζόνως ἐκείνους ἀντὶ ἱερῶν ἀξιοῦντας ἀποδιδόναι ἀσεβεῖν — An accusative with infinitive construction where the subject of ἀσεβεῖν is ἐκείνους ἀξιοῦντας ('those who demand...'). The phrase ἀντὶ ἱερῶν means 'in exchange for the temples'. The sentence compares the impiety of the Boeotians, who use the dead as a bargaining chip, with the Athenians' refusal to bring inappropriate terms into the sanctuary, declaring the former to be 'much greater' (πολὺ μειζόνως).
  4. §4.98.8μὴ ἀπιοῦσιν ... ἀλλὰ ... σπένδουσιν — The dative participles ἀπιοῦσιν and σπένδουσιν agree with the preceding dative pronoun σφίσιν (referring to the Athenians). They function as conditional or modal participles, contrasting the two scenarios: 'not on the condition of departing... but upon making a truce' to recover the dead (ἀναιρεῖσθαι).

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §4.98.1-4.98.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.98.1-4.98.8

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