Humanitext Reader

Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §4.92.1-4.92.7

Speech of Pagondas to the Boeotian Troops

Passage 457 of 917 · Greek

Summary

Pagondas exhorts the Boeotian troops, arguing that the Athenians remain aggressive enemies even if they have retreated near the border, and urges them to fight resolutely to defend their ancestral tradition and freedom.

§4.92.1‘χρῆν μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες Βοιωτοί, μηδ’ ἐς ἐπίνοιάν τινα ἡμῶν ἐλθεῖν τῶν ἀρχόντων ὡς οὐκ εἰκὸς Ἀθηναίοις, ἢν ἄρα μὴ ἐν τῇ Βοιωτίᾳ ἔτι καταλάβωμεν αὐτούς, διὰ μάχης ἐλθεῖν.
'Boeotians, none of us leaders should have ever entertained the thought that it is not proper to join battle with the Athenians, even if we do not catch them still in Boeotia.
τὴν γὰρ Βοιωτίαν ἐκ τῆς ὁμόρου ἐλθόντες τεῖχος ἐνοικοδομησάμενοι μέλλουσι φθείρειν, καὶ εἰσὶ δήπου πολέμιοι ἐν ᾧ τε ἂν χωρίῳ καταληφθῶσι καὶ ὅθεν ἐπελθόντες πολέμια ἔδρασαν.
For they have come from the borderland, built a fort, and are intending to ravage Boeotia, and they are surely enemies in whatever place they may be caught and from wherever they have advanced to commit hostile acts.
§4.92.2νυνὶ δ’ εἴ τῳ καὶ ἀσφαλέστερον ἔδοξεν εἶναι, μεταγνώτω.
But now, even if it seemed to anyone to be safer [not to fight], let him change his mind.
οὐ γὰρ τὸ προμηθές, οἷς ἂν ἄλλος ἐπίῃ, περὶ τῆς σφετέρας ὁμοίως ἐνδέχεται λογισμὸν καὶ ὅστις τὰ μὲν ἑαυτοῦ ἔχει, τοῦ πλέονος δὲ ὀρεγόμενος ἑκών τινι ἐπέρχεται.
For the prudence of those who are attacked by another regarding their own land does not admit of the same calculation as that of one who, possessing his own property, voluntarily attacks another in his grasp for more.
§4.92.3πάτριόν τε ὑμῖν στρατὸν ἀλλόφυλον ἐπελθόντα καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ καὶ ἐν τῇ τῶν πέλας ὁμοίως ἀμύνεσθαι.
And it is your ancestral custom to repel an invading army of foreign race, both in your own territory and in that of your neighbors alike.
Ἀθηναίους δὲ καὶ προσέτι ὁμόρους ὄντας πολλῷ μάλιστα δεῖ.
This is much more necessary against the Athenians, who are, moreover, your neighbors.
§4.92.4πρός τε γὰρ τοὺς ἀστυγείτονας πᾶσι τὸ ἀντίπαλον καὶ ἐλεύθερον καθίσταται, καὶ πρὸς τούτους γε δή, οἳ καὶ μὴ τοὺς ἐγγύς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἄπωθεν πειρῶνται δουλοῦσθαι, πῶς οὐ χρὴ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ ἔσχατον ἀγῶνος ἐλθεῖν (παράδειγμα δὲ ἔχομεν τούς τε ἀντιπέρας Εὐβοέας καὶ τῆς ἄλλης Ἑλλάδος τὸ πολὺ ὡς αὐτοῖς διάκειται), καὶ γνῶναι ὅτι τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις οἱ πλησιόχωροι περὶ γῆς ὅρων τὰς μάχας ποιοῦνται, ἡμῖν δὲ ἐς πᾶσαν, ἢν νικηθῶμεν, εἷς ὅρος οὐκ ἀντίλεκτος παγήσεται;
For against neighbors, maintaining equality is established as freedom for all, and against these men indeed, who try to enslave not only those near but also those far away, how can we not go to the very limit of struggle? (And we have an example in the Euboeans opposite us and the greater part of the rest of Greece, how they are situated under them.) We must also know that while other neighbors fight about land boundaries, for us, if we are defeated, a single, undisputed boundary will be fixed for our whole territory.
§4.92.5ἐσελθόντες γὰρ βίᾳ τὰ ἡμέτερα ἕξουσιν.
For they will enter by force and hold our possessions.
τοσούτῳ ἐπικινδυνοτέραν ἑτέρων τὴν παροίκησιν τῶνδε ἔχομεν.
By so much more dangerous than others do we have our neighborly relation with these men.
εἰώθασί τε οἱ ἰσχύος που θράσει τοῖς πέλας, ὥσπερ Ἀθηναῖοι νῦν, ἐπιόντες τὸν μὲν ἡσυχάζοντα καὶ ἐν τῇ ἑαυτοῦ μόνον ἀμυνόμενον ἀδεέστερον ἐπιστρατεύειν, τὸν δὲ ἔξω ὅρων προαπαντῶντα καί, ἢν καιρὸς ᾖ, πολέμου ἄρχοντα ἧσσον ἑτοίμως κατέχειν.
And those who attack their neighbors out of confidence in their strength, as the Athenians do now, are accustomed to march more fearlessly against one who remains quiet and defends himself only in his own land, but they are less ready to match strength with one who meets them outside his borders and, if opportunity offers, is the first to begin the war.
§4.92.6πεῖραν δὲ ἔχομεν ἡμεῖς αὐτοῦ ἐς τούσδε· νικήσαντες γὰρ ἐν Κορωνείᾳ αὐτούς, ὅτε τὴν γῆν ἡμῶν στασιαζόντων κατέσχον, πολλὴν ἄδειαν τῇ Βοιωτίᾳ μέχρι τοῦδε κατεστήσαμεν.
We ourselves have experience of this very thing against these men; for by defeating them at Coronea, when they occupied our land while we were in faction, we established great security for Boeotia down to this day.
§4.92.7ὧν χρὴ μνησθέντας ἡμᾶς τούς τε πρεσβυτέρους ὁμοιωθῆναι τοῖς πρὶν ἔργοις, τούς τε νεωτέρους πατέρων τῶν τότε ἀγαθῶν γενομένων παῖδας πειρᾶσθαι μὴ αἰσχῦναι τὰς προσηκούσας ἀρετάς, πιστεύσαντας δὲ τῷ θεῷ πρὸς ἡμῶν ἔσεσθαι, οὗ τὸ ἱερὸν ἀνόμως τειχίσαντες νέμονται, καὶ τοῖς ἱεροῖς ἃ ἡμῖν θυσαμένοις καλὰ φαίνεται, ὁμόσε χωρῆσαι τοῖσδε καὶ δεῖξαι ὅτι ὧν μὲν ἐφίενται πρὸς τοὺς μὴ ἀμυνομένους ἐπιόντες κτάσθων, οἷς δὲ γενναῖον τήν τε αὑτῶν αἰεὶ ἐλευθεροῦν μάχῃ καὶ τὴν ἄλλων μὴ δουλοῦσθαι ἀδίκως, ἀνανταγώνιστοι ἀπ’ αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀπίασιν. ’
Remembering these things, we, the older men, must make ourselves worthy of our former deeds, and the younger, as the sons of fathers who were brave at that time, must strive not to disgrace their hereditary virtues. Confident that the god whose temple they have unlawfully fortified and occupy will be on our side, and trusting in the sacrifices which appeared favorable to us when we sacrificed, let us go to meet them and show them that they may acquire what they desire by attacking those who do not defend themselves, but from those who make it a noble thing always to free their own land by battle and not to enslave that of others unjustly, they shall not depart without a fight.'

Notes

  1. §4.92.1χρῆν — The imperfect indicative of the impersonal verb χρή is used without ἄν to express an unfulfilled past obligation ('should have done, but did not'), here implying regret or censure. Pagondas is criticizing his fellow generals, stating that none of the leaders should have ever entertained the idea of not fighting.
  2. §4.92.2οὐ γὰρ τὸ προμηθές — The main structure is οὐ γὰρ τὸ προμηθές [subject] ... λογισμὸν [object] ... ἐνδέχεται [verb] ('for prudence does not admit of the same calculation'). The relative clause οἷς ἂν ἄλλος ἐπίῃ ('those who are attacked by another') limits τὸ προμηθές, and ὁμοίως ... καὶ ὅστις... establishes a comparison ('in the same way as one who...'), explaining that the defensive prudence of the attacked cannot be calculated in the same way as the aggressive ambition of the invader.
  3. §4.92.4πῶς οὐ χρὴ — Two infinitives, ἐλθεῖν and γνῶναι, depend in parallel on the rhetorical question πῶς οὐ χρὴ ('how is it not necessary...?'). Within the ὅτι clause introduced by γνῶναι, a contrast is drawn between neighbors in general (τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις) and the Boeotians (ἡμῖν δὲ), emphasizing the threat of a single, non-negotiable boundary (εἷς ὅρος) being imposed if they are defeated.
  4. §4.92.5τὸν μὲν ἡσυχάζοντα... τὸν δὲ ἔξω ὅρων προαπαντῶντα — Correlated by μέν... δέ..., the two infinitive clauses depending on the main verb εἰώθασι ('are accustomed to') are structured in contrast. The first object τὸν μὲν ἡσυχάζοντα... ('one who remains quiet and only defends himself') is the accusative object of ἐπιστρατεύειν ('to march against'), while the second τὸν δὲ ἔξω... ('one who meets them outside their borders') is the object of κατέχειν ('to restrain' or 'hold back').

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §4.92.1-4.92.7. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.92.1-4.92.7

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