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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §4.32.1-4.32.4

Landing of the Main Army and Demosthenes' Tactics

Passage 397 of 917 · Greek

Summary

The Athenians surprised and destroyed the first Spartan guard-post and landed their remaining forces at dawn. Demosthenes deployed his troops, especially the light-armed, on the highest ground in small divisions to surround the Spartans and harass them from a distance with missiles.

§4.32.1οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι τοὺς μὲν πρώτους φύλακας, οἷς ἐπέδραμον, εὐθὺς διαφθείρουσιν ἔν τε ταῖς εὐναῖς ἔτι καὶ ἀναλαμβάνοντας τὰ ὅπλα, λαθόντες τὴν ἀπόβασιν, οἰομένων αὐτῶν τὰς ναῦς κατὰ τὸ ἔθος ἐς ἔφορμον τῆς νυκτὸς πλεῖν.
And the Athenians, having eluded them in their landing, immediately killed the first guards, whom they rushed upon, while they were still in their beds or just taking up their arms; as they thought that the ships were sailing according to custom to their night station.
§4.32.2ἅμα δὲ ἕῳ γιγνομένῃ καὶ ὁ ἄλλος στρατὸς ἀπέβαινεν, ἐκ μὲν νεῶν ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ὀλίγῳ πλεόνων πάντες πλὴν θαλαμιῶν, ὡς ἕκαστοι ἐσκευασμένοι, τοξόται δὲ ὀκτακόσιοι καὶ πελτασταὶ οὐκ ἐλάσσους τούτων, Μεσσηνίων τε οἱ βεβοηθηκότες καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ὅσοι περὶ Πύλον κατεῖχον πάντες πλὴν τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους φυλάκων.
And at dawn of day, the rest of the army landed, from seventy ships and a little more, all except the lowest-tier rowers, equipped as they each were; and there were eight hundred archers and no fewer peltasts, both the Messenians who had come to help, and all the others who held posts around Pylos, except the guards on the wall.
§4.32.3Δημοσθένους δὲ τάξαντος διέστησαν κατὰ διακοσίους τε καὶ πλείους, ἔστι δ’ ᾗ ἐλάσσους, τῶν χωρίων τὰ μετεωρότατα λαβόντες, ὅπως ὅτι πλείστη ἀπορία ᾖ τοῖς πολεμίοις πανταχόθεν κεκυκλωμένοις καὶ μὴ ἔχωσι πρὸς ὅτι ἀντιτάξωνται, ἀλλ’ ἀμφίβολοι γίγνωνται τῷ πλήθει, εἰ μὲν τοῖς πρόσθεν ἐπίοιεν, ὑπὸ τῶν κατόπιν βαλλόμενοι, εἰ δὲ τοῖς πλαγίοις, ὑπὸ τῶν ἑκατέρωθεν παρατεταγμένων.
Under the deployment of Demosthenes, they split up into groups of two hundred or more, and in some places fewer, occupying the highest points of the ground, in order that the enemy, being surrounded on all sides, might be in the greatest possible perplexity, and might not know where to face to make a stand, but might be exposed to missile fire from all sides by the multitude; if they attacked those in front, they would be hit by those behind, and if they turned to those on their flanks, they would be hit by those posted on either side.
§4.32.4κατὰ νώτου τε αἰεὶ ἔμελλον αὐτοῖς, ᾗ χωρήσειαν, οἱ πολέμιοι ἔσεσθαι ψιλοὶ καὶ οἱ ἀπορώτατοι, τοξεύμασι καὶ ἀκοντίοις καὶ λίθοις καὶ σφενδόναις ἐκ πολλοῦ ἔχοντες ἀλκήν, οἷς μηδὲ ἐπελθεῖν οἷόν τε ἦν· φεύγοντές τε γὰρ ἐκράτουν καὶ ἀναχωροῦσιν ἐπέκειντο.
For behind their backs, whichever way they went, they would always have the enemy, who were light-armed and the most difficult to deal with, possessing as they did fighting power from a distance with arrows, javelins, stones, and slings, whom it was impossible even to approach; for even in flight they prevailed, and they pressed upon them as they retreated.
τοιαύτῃ μὲν γνώμῃ ὁ Δημοσθένης τό τε πρῶτον τὴν ἀπόβασιν ἐπενόει καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ ἔταξεν·
With such a design, Demosthenes both originally conceived the landing and drew up his forces in the actual engagement.

Notes

  1. §4.32.1οἷς ἐπέδραμον — The relative pronoun οἷς refers to the antecedent τοὺς πρώτους φύλακας. It is in the dative case because the verb ἐπιτρέχω (to run upon, attack) governs the dative.
  2. §4.32.1ἔν τε ταῖς εὐναῖς ἔτι καὶ ἀναλαμβάνοντας τὰ ὅπλα — The prepositional phrase ἔν ταῖς εὐναῖς and the present participle ἀναλαμβάνοντας, though grammatically different structures, are coordinated by τε... καί to describe the state of the φύλακας. This is a characteristic Thucydidean variation in parallel structure.
  3. §4.32.3ἀμφίβολοι γίγνωνται τῷ πλήθει — The adjective ἀμφίβολος means 'attacked from both sides' or 'exposed to missiles from all quarters.' The dative τῷ πλήθει functions as a dative of means or cause ('by the multitude/superior numbers'), indicating what causes this state of exposure.
  4. §4.32.4οἷς μηδὲ ἐπελθεῖν οἷόν τε ἦν — The relative pronoun οἷς refers to the light-armed troops mentioned in the previous sentence and is in the dative governed by ἐπέρχομαι (to advance against, charge). The impersonal phrase οἷόν τε ἦν with the infinitive means 'it was possible'; with μηδέ, it translates as 'whom it was not even possible to approach/charge.'

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §4.32.1-4.32.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.32.1-4.32.4

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