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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §2.90.1-2.90.6

Peloponnesian Ambush and the Battle off Naupactus

Passage 236 of 917 · Greek

Summary

The Peloponnesians sail in a four-deep formation towards Naupactus to lure out the Athenians, and launch a sudden coordinated attack when the Athenian fleet is forced to follow along the coast. While eleven Athenian ships manage to escape into open waters, the rest are driven aground and captured, though some are rescued by the Messenian land forces.

§2.90.1τοιαῦτα δὲ καὶ ὁ Φορμίων παρεκελεύσατο.
Phormio also exhorted them in this manner.
οἱ δὲ Πελοποννήσιοι, ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι οὐκ ἐπέπλεον ἐς τὸν κόλπον καὶ τὰ στενά, βουλόμενοι ἄκοντας ἔσω προαγαγεῖν αὐτούς, ἀναγαγόμενοι ἅμα ἕῳ ἔπλεον, ἐπὶ τεσσάρων ταξάμενοι τὰς ναῦς ἐπὶ τὴν ἑαυτῶν γῆν, ἔσω ἐπὶ τοῦ κόλπου, δεξιῷ κέρᾳ ἡγουμένῳ, ὥσπερ καὶ ὥρμουν·
As the Athenians did not sail against them into the gulf and the narrows, the Peloponnesians, wishing to draw them inside against their will, put to sea at dawn and sailed, having formed their ships four deep, along their own land into the gulf, with the right wing leading, just as they had been anchored.
§2.90.2ἐπὶ δ’ αὐτῷ εἴκοσιν ἔταξαν τὰς ἄριστα πλεούσας, ὅπως, εἰ ἄρα νομίσας ἐπὶ τὴν Ναύπακτον αὐτοὺς πλεῖν ὁ Φορμίων καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιβοηθῶν ταύτῃ παραπλέοι, μὴ διαφύγοιεν πλέοντα τὸν ἐπίπλουν σφῶν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔξω τοῦ ἑαυτῶν κέρως, ἀλλ’ αὗται αἱ νῆες περικλῄσειαν.
And on this wing they stationed the twenty best sailing ships, so that, if Phormio, thinking they were sailing against Naupactus, should himself sail along the coast to its aid in that direction, the Athenians might not escape their advancing attack outside their own wing, but these twenty ships might hem them in.
§2.90.3ὁ δέ, ὅπερ ἐκεῖνοι προσεδέχοντο, φοβηθεὶς περὶ τῷ χωρίῳ ἐρήμῳ ὄντι, ὡς ἑώρα ἀναγομένους αὐτούς, ἄκων καὶ κατὰ σπουδὴν ἐμβιβάσας ἔπλει παρὰ τὴν γῆν· καὶ ὁ πεζὸς ἅμα τῶν Μεσσηνίων παρεβοήθει.
But Phormio, fearing for the place, which was empty of defense—just as they expected—when he saw them putting to sea, unwillingly and in haste embarked his men and sailed along the land; and the Messenian land force at the same time marched along to support them.
§2.90.4ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι κατὰ μίαν ἐπὶ κέρως παραπλέοντας καὶ ἤδη ὄντας ἐντὸς τοῦ κόλπου τε καὶ πρὸς τῇ γῇ, ὅπερ ἐβούλοντο μάλιστα, ἀπὸ σημείου ἑνὸς ἄφνω ἐπιστρέψαντες τὰς ναῦς μετωπηδὸν ἔπλεον, ὡς εἶχε τάχους ἕκαστος, ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, καὶ ἤλπιζον πάσας τὰς ναῦς ἀπολήψεσθαι.
The Peloponnesians, seeing them sailing along in single file and already inside the gulf and near the land, which was what they most desired, at a single signal suddenly turned their ships and sailed in line, each with all possible speed, against the Athenians, and hoped to cut off all their ships.
§2.90.5τῶν δὲ ἕνδεκα μέν τινες αἵπερ ἡγοῦντο ὑπεκφεύγουσι τὸ κέρας τῶν Πελοποννησίων καὶ τὴν ἐπιστροφὴν ἐς τὴν εὐρυχωρίαν· τὰς δ’ ἄλλας ἐπικαταλαβόντες ἐξέωσάν τε πρὸς τὴν γῆν ὑποφευγούσας καὶ διέφθειραν, ἄνδρας τε τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀπέκτειναν ὅσοι μὴ ἐξένευσαν αὐτῶν.
Of these, some eleven ships which were leading escaped the Peloponnesian wing and its turn into the open water; but overtaking the rest, they forced them aground as they fled and destroyed them, and they killed those of the Athenians who did not swim out from them.
§2.90.6καὶ τῶν νεῶν τινὰς ἀναδούμενοι εἷλκον κενάς (μίαν δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσιν εἷλον ἤδη), τὰς δέ τινας οἱ Μεσσήνιοι παραβοηθήσαντες καὶ ἐπεσβαίνοντες ξὺν τοῖς ὅπλοις ἐς τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ ἐπιβάντες ἀπὸ τῶν καταστρωμάτων μαχόμενοι ἀφείλοντο ἑλκομένας ἤδη.
And some of the ships they took in tow and dragged away empty (one they had already captured with its crew); but some others the Messenians, who had come to the rescue, by rushing into the sea with their arms and boarding from the decks, fought and rescued while they were already being towed away.

Notes

  1. §2.90.1ἐπὶ τεσσάρων — The preposition ἐπί followed by the genitive of a numeral is used in military contexts to denote the depth of a formation ('so many deep'). Here, it indicates that the Peloponnesian fleet sailed in a formation four deep.
  2. §2.90.2πλέοντα τὸν ἐπίπλουν — The participle `πλέοντα` is a present active participle, accusative singular masculine, modifying the following noun `τὸν ἐπίπλουν` ('attack' or 'advance') in an attributive position, meaning 'their advancing attack'. Grammatically, it cannot modify the subject `οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι` which is in the nominative.
  3. §2.90.4ὡς εἶχε τάχους ἕκαστος — An idiomatic construction combining the conjunction `ὡς`, the intransitive use of `ἔχω` (to be in a certain state), and the partitive genitive `τάχους` (of speed), meaning 'each with all possible speed' (literally, 'as each was situated in respect of speed').

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §2.90.1-2.90.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.90.1-2.90.6

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