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Thucydides · History of the Peloponnesian War §2.15.1-2.15.6

Theseus and the Synoecism of Ancient Athens

Passage 161 of 917 · Greek

Summary

Explains the historical process by which Theseus unified the cities of Attica to make Athens the single political center (synoecism), and presents evidence that the acropolis and its southern vicinity originally constituted the city.

§2.15.1ξυνεβεβήκει δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ πάνυ ἀρχαίου ἑτέρων μᾶλλον Ἀθηναίοις τοῦτο.
This had been the case with the Athenians more than with others from very early times.
ἐπὶ γὰρ Κέκροπος καὶ τῶν πρώτων βασιλέων ἡ Ἀττικὴ ἐς Θησέα αἰεὶ κατὰ πόλεις ᾠκεῖτο πρυτανεῖά τε ἐχούσας καὶ ἄρχοντας, καὶ ὁπότε μή τι δείσειαν, οὐ ξυνῇσαν βουλευσόμενοι ὡς τὸν βασιλέα, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοὶ ἕκαστοι ἐπολίτευον καὶ ἐβουλεύοντο· καί τινες καὶ ἐπολέμησάν ποτε αὐτῶν, ὥσπερ καὶ Ἐλευσίνιοι μετ’ Εὐμόλπου πρὸς Ἐρεχθέα.
For under Cecrops and the first kings, Attica was always inhabited in various cities, which had their own prytaneums and rulers; and unless they were in some fear, they did not come together to consult with the king, but each governed and consulted for themselves; and some of them even waged war at times, as the Eleusinians did under Eumolpus against Erechtheus.
§2.15.2ἐπειδὴ δὲ Θησεὺς ἐβασίλευσε, γενόμενος μετὰ τοῦ ξυνετοῦ καὶ δυνατὸς τά τε ἄλλα διεκόσμησε τὴν χώραν καὶ καταλύσας τῶν ἄλλων πόλεων τά τε βουλευτήρια καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν, ἓν βουλευτήριον ἀποδείξας καὶ πρυτανεῖον, ξυνῴκισε πάντας, καὶ νεμομένους τὰ αὑτῶν ἑκάστους ἅπερ καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ἠνάγκασε μιᾷ πόλει ταύτῃ χρῆσθαι, ἣ ἁπάντων ἤδη ξυντελούντων ἐς αὐτὴν μεγάλη γενομένη παρεδόθη ὑπὸ Θησέως τοῖς ἔπειτα· καὶ ξυνοίκια ἐξ ἐκείνου Ἀθηναῖοι ἔτι καὶ νῦν τῇ θεῷ ἑορτὴν δημοτελῆ ποιοῦσιν.
But when Theseus became king, being a man of intelligence as well as power, he reorganized the country in various ways, and having abolished the council chambers and offices of the other cities, established a single council chamber and prytaneum in what is now the city, and united them all; and while each continued to enjoy their own property just as before, he compelled them to use this single city, which, now that all contributed to it, became great and was handed down by Theseus to posterity; and from that time to this, the Athenians celebrate a public festival to the goddess called the Synoecia.
§2.15.3τὸ δὲ πρὸ τοῦ ἡ ἀκρόπολις ἡ νῦν οὖσα πόλις ἦν, καὶ τὸ ὑπ’ αὐτὴν πρὸς νότον μάλιστα τετραμμένον.
Before this, what is now the acropolis was the city, along with the district beneath it, looking chiefly towards the south.
§2.15.4τεκμήριον δέ· τὰ γὰρ ἱερὰ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἀκροπόλει † καὶ ἄλλων θεῶν ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ἔξω πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τῆς πόλεως μᾶλλον ἵδρυται, τό τε τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Ὀλυμπίου καὶ τὸ Πύθιον καὶ τὸ τῆς Γῆς καὶ τὸ 〈τοῦ〉 ἐν Λίμναις Διονύσου, ᾧ τὰ ἀρχαιότερα Διονύσια [τῇ δωδεκάτῃ] ποιεῖται ἐν μηνὶ Ἀνθεστηριῶνι, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ ἀπ’ Ἀθηναίων Ἴωνες ἔτι καὶ νῦν νομίζουσιν.
This is proved by the fact that the sanctuaries of the other gods as well are in the acropolis itself, and those that are outside are situated chiefly in this quarter of the city: namely, that of Olympian Zeus, the Pythium, that of Ge, and that of Dionysus in the Marshes, in whose honor the older Dionysia are celebrated on the twelfth day of the month Anthesterion, a custom which the Ionians of Athenian descent still retain to this day.
ἵδρυται δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ἱερὰ ταύτῃ ἀρχαῖα.
Other ancient sanctuaries are also situated in this quarter.
§2.15.5καὶ τῇ κρήνῃ τῇ νῦν μὲν τῶν τυράννων οὕτω σκευασάντων Ἐννεακρούνῳ καλουμένῃ, τὸ δὲ πάλαι φανερῶν τῶν πηγῶν οὐσῶν Καλλιρρόῃ ὠνομασμένῃ, ἐκεῖνοί τε ἐγγὺς οὔσῃ τὰ πλείστου ἄξια ἐχρῶντο, καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀρχαίου πρό τε γαμικῶν καὶ ἐς ἄλλα τῶν ἱερῶν νομίζεται τῷ ὕδατι χρῆσθαι·
And the spring which, now that the tyrants have decorated it, is called Enneacrunus, but of old, when the sources were open, was named Callirrhoe, being near, was used by them for the most important purposes; and still now, from ancient custom, it is the rule to use its water before marriages and for other sacred rites.
§2.15.6καλεῖται δὲ διὰ τὴν παλαιὰν ταύτῃ κατοίκησιν καὶ ἡ ἀκρόπολις μέχρι τοῦδε ἔτι ὑπ᾽ Ἀθηναίων πόλις.
And because of this ancient residence in it, the acropolis is still called 'the city' by the Athenians even to this day.

Notes

  1. 2.15.1ἐς Θησέα — The preposition `ἐς` (= `εἰς`) is used temporally to mean "until the time of Theseus."
  2. 2.15.1ὁπότε μή τι δείσειαν — The optative of indefinite frequency introduced by `ὁπότε`, meaning "whenever they were not in fear of anything."
  3. 2.15.2γενόμενος μετὰ τοῦ ξυνετοῦ καὶ δυνατὸς — The prepositional phrase `μετὰ τοῦ ξυνετοῦ` (with intelligence) and the adjective `δυνατός` (powerful) are coordinated to describe Theseus's qualities.
  4. 2.15.2ἣ ἁπάντων ἤδη ξυντελούντων ἐς αὐτὴν μεγάλη γενομένη παρεδόθη — `ἁπάντων ... ξυντελούντων` is a genitive absolute. `ξυντελούντων ἐς αὐτήν` means "contributing to it (the city) together" or "belonging to the same political body."
  5. 2.15.5καὶ τῇ κρήνῃ... ἐκεῖνοί τε... ἐχρῶντο — Hyperbaton. The dative `τῇ κρήνῃ` at the beginning of the sentence is governed by the verb `ἐχρῶντο` located further down, separated by a long parenthetical description (`τῇ νῦν μὲν ... ὠνομασμένῃ`).

Cite this passage

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War §2.15.1-2.15.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.15.1-2.15.6

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